Supplementary Material Evidence for widespread alterations in cortical microstructure after 32 hours of sleep deprivation Authors: Irene Voldsbekka,b,c,*, Atle Bjørnerud a,c,d, Inge Grootec, Nathalia Zak b,f, Daniel Roelfs b,g, Ivan I. Maximov a,b,h, Oliver Geier f, Paulina Due-Tønnesseni, Erlend Bøenj, Yvonne S. Kuiperf, Lise-Linn Løkkenf, Marie Strømstada, Taran Y. Blakstvedta, Bjørn Bjorvatnk,l, Ulrik F. Maltg, Lars T. Westlyea,b,m, Torbjørn Elvsåshagen b,g,n, Håkon Grydelanda,o,* a Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. b Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway. c Computational Radiology and Artificial Intelligence (CRAI), Division of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway. d Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. e Department of Radiology, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway. f Department of Diagnostic Physics, Division of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway. g Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. h Department of Health and Functioning, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway. i Division of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway. j Psychosomatic and CL Psychiatry, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway. k Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway. l Norwegian Competence Center for Sleep Disorders, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway. m KG Jebsen Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. n Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway. o Center for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway. 1 Change in Euler number and hydration in each group 20 (SPC) 2 (SPC) numer 0 0 Euler Hydration T1w T1w -20 -2 NSW SD NSW SD 2 Main analysis rerun excluding one participant in the sleep deprivation group 3 Difference in sleepiness and attention across the 32 hours of the study Sleep or wakefulness Sleep or wakefulness 8 8 6 6 4 4 Sleepiness (KSS) Minor lapses (PVT) 2 2 MRI MRI MRI MRI 0 0 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 Hours into experiment Hours into experiment Condition Normal sleep−wake Sleep deprived 4 Distribution of change in sleepiness and attention from TP1 to TP2 6 7.5 4 5.0 Count Count 2 2.5 0 0.0 −5.0 −2.5 0.0 2.5 5.0 7.5 0 10 20 Change in sleepiness (KSS) Change in minor lapses (PVT) Condition Normal sleep−wake Sleep deprived 5 Uncorrected correlations between changes in T1w/T2w ratio and sleepiness RH #1 interaction term p = 0.61 RH #2 interaction term p = 0.557 ● ● ● group: NSW 6 group: NSW 2 ● ● group: SD group: SD ● ● ● ● ● 4 ● ● ● ● ● 1 ● ● ● ● ● 2 ● ● ● ● ● 0 ● ● ● ● ● 0 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 1 ● ● ● ● ● − ● ● ● ● ● 2 ● ● ● ● − ● ● ● Mean T1w/T2w ● Mean T1w/T2w ● ● 2 ● ● − ● 4 ● − ● 3 − 6 − ● 4 ● ● 8 − − −40 −20 0 20 40 60 80 −40 −20 0 20 40 60 80 KSS KSS LH #1 interaction term p = 0.035 LH #2 interaction term p = 0.245 ● ● group: NSW ● group: NSW 4 group: SD ● group: SD ● ● ● ● 2 ● ● 2 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 0 ● ● 0 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Mean T1w/T2w Mean T1w/T2w ● 2 ● − ● ● 2 ● ● − ● ● 4 − ● ● ● ● 4 − −40 −20 0 20 40 60 80 −40 −20 0 20 40 60 80 KSS KSS 6 Uncorrected correlations between changes in T1w/T2w ratio and lapses in attention RH #1 interaction term p = 0.434 RH #2 interaction term p = 0.022 2 ● ● ● ● 6 ● ● group: NSW group: NSW ● ● group: SD group: SD ● 4 ● 1 ● ● ● ● ● ● 2 ● ● ● ● ● ● 0 ● ● ● 0 ● ● ● ● 2 ● ● − ● Mean T1w/T2w Mean T1w/T2w ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 1 ● ● ● 4 − ● ● − ● ● ● 6 ● ● − ● ● ● 2 − 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 20 25 PVT PVT LH #1 interaction term p = 0.428 LH #2 interaction term p = 0.357 ● ● 3 ● group: NSW group: NSW ● 4 group: SD group: SD ● ● 2 ● ● ● ● ● 1 ● ● ● ● 2 ● ● ● ● ● 0 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 1 ● − 0 ● ● ● ● ● ● Mean T1w/T2w ● Mean T1w/T2w ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 2 − 2 3 − − ● ● ● ● 4 − 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 20 25 PVT PVT .