June 2011 Conflict Management in Indonesia – An Analysis of the Conflicts in Maluku, Papua and Poso The Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Current Asia and the Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue The Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue (HD Centre) “Mediation for peace” The Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue (HD Centre) is an independent mediation organisation dedicated to helping improve the global response to armed conflict. It attempts to achieve this by mediating between warring parties and providing support to the broader mediation community. The HD Centre is driven by humanitarian values and its ultimate goal to reduce the consequences of violent conflict, improve security, and contribute to the peaceful resolution of conflict. It maintains a neutral stance towards the warring parties that it mediates between and, in order to maintain its impartiality it is funded by a variety of governments, private foundations and philanthropists. Cover images Front: World Indigenous Peoples Day, 9 August, Wamena in Papua. © Muridan Widjojo Back: A batik design from Indonesia. © iStockphoto Supported by the MacArthur Foundation Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue 114, rue de Lausanne Geneva 1202 Switzerland t + 41 22 908 11 30 f +41 22 908 11 40 e [email protected] w www.hdcentre.org © Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, 2011 June 2011 Conflict Management in Indonesia – An Analysis of the Conflicts in Maluku, Papua and Poso The Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Current Asia and the Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue Copyright and credits Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue 114, rue de Lausanne Geneva 1202 Switzerland t + 41 22 908 11 30 f +41 22 908 11 40 e [email protected] w www.hdcentre.org © Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, 2011 Reproduction of all or part of this publication may be authorised only with written consent and acknowl- edgement of the source. Editor: Cate Buchanan ([email protected]) Deputy editor: Adam Cooper Design and layout: Rick Jones ([email protected]) 2 Conflict Management in Indonesia Contents Acronyms and terminology .................................................................................................................................................................... 5 About the contributors ................................................................................................................................................................................. 8 Summary ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 10 Introduction 10 Significant issues in peace processes in Indonesia 11 Observations 14 Case Study One Conflict and violence in Maluku: Resolution and management approaches ................................................................................................................... 16 Introduction 16 Figure 1: Map of Maluku 17 Box 1: The chronology of the conflict in Maluku 18 Conflict management actors and initiatives 20 The emergency and security approach to conflict management 21 The Malino Peace Agreement 25 Box 2: The Malino II Agreeement 26 The recovery and development phase 27 Conclusion 31 Case Study Two Jakarta – Papua: A dialogue in the making ................................................................................................................ 32 Introduction 32 Figure 1: Map of Papua 33 Conflict management initiatives for Papua 35 An Analysis of the Conflicts in Maluku, Papua and Poso 3 Box 1: OTSUS – Its origins and contents 37 Box 2: Assessing OTSUS 38 Resolving the Papua Conflict 40 Preparing the ground for dialogue 42 Recommendations 44 Papuan Perspectives on Peace in West Papua Otto Ondawame ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 46 Colonization, conflict and violence in West Papua 46 Melanesian conflict resolution styles and approaches 49 Recommendations 50 Case Study Three Violent conflict and its management in Poso, Central Sulawesi ................................................. 52 Introduction 52 Figure 1: Map of Poso 54 Box 1: Timeline of the conflict in Poso 55 Conflict resolution initiatives 57 Box 2: Ten points of the Malino I Declaration 60 Conclusion 67 Annexes .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 69 4 Conflict Management in Indonesia Acronyms and terminology Adat DPR Group of customary laws or the unwritten traditional People’s Representative Council / code that regulates social political, and economic Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat practices, as well as dispute resolution ELSHAM AJI Institute for Human Rights Study and Advocacy / The Indonesian Journalists Alliance / Lembaga Studi dan Advokasi Hak Asasi Manusia Aliansi Jurnalis Idependen GoI BAKORNAS PBP Government of Indonesia The National Coordinating Body for Disaster IDP and Internally Displaced Persons Management / Internally displaced people or person Badan Koordinasi Nasional Penanganan Bencana dan Pengungsi Kodam Military Regional Command / Bappenas Komando Daerah Militer National Development Planning Agency / Badan Perencanaan dan Pembangunan Nasional Kodap Territorial War Command / BIN Komando Daerah Perang State Intelligence Agency / Badan Intelijen Negara KOMNAS HAM Brimob Indonesia’s National Commission for Human Mobile Brigade / Brigade Mobil Rights / Komisi Nasional Hak Asasi Manusia Bupati KontraS Indonesia is divided into provinces. Provinces Commission on Missing Persons and Victims of are made up of regencies and cities. Provinces, Violence / Komisi untuk Orang Hilang dan Korban regencies and cities do have their own local gov- Tindak Kekerasan ernments and parliamentary bodies. Regencies are headed by a bupati, normally translated into English KOPASSUS as regent Special Forces Command / Komando Pasukan Khusus DOM Korem Military operation zone / Daerah Operasi Militer Sub-regional military command / Komando Resort Militer DPD Regional Representatives Council / LBH Jakarta Dewan Perwakilan Daerah Jakarta Legal Aid Institute / Lembaga Bantuan Hukum An Analysis of the Conflicts in Maluku, Papua and Poso 5 LIPI PDI Indonesian Institute of Sciences / The Indonesian Democratic Party / Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia Partai Demokrasi Indonesia Menko Kesra PDI-P Coordinating Ministry for People’s Welfare / The Indonesian Democratic Party – Struggle / Kementrian Koordinator Kesejahteraan Rakyat Partai Demokrasi Indonesia – Perjuangan Pemekaran RMS Division of provinces and districts into smaller Republic of South Maluku / administrative units Republik Maluku Selatan Perda Regional regulations / Peraturan Daerah Papua specific POLRI DAP Indonesian National Police / Papua Customary Council / Dewan Adat Papua Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia DPRD TNI Parliament of the West Papua Province / Indonesian National Army / Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah Tentara Nasional Indonesia DPRP UKP4 Papuan People’s Representative Council / Presidential Working Unit for Supervision Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Papua and Management of Development / Foker LSM Unit Kerja Presiden bidang Pengawasan dan Papua NGO Cooperation Forum / Pengendalian Pembangunan Forum Kerja Sama Lembaga Swadaya Masyarakat YLBHI FORERI Indonesian Legal Aid Foundation / Forum for Reconciliation of the Irian Community / Yayasan Lembaga Bantuan Hukum Indonesia Forum Rekonsiliasi Masyarakat Irian Jaya FWPC Maluku specific Free West Papua Campaign FKM KNPB Maluku Front Sovereignty / West Papua National Committee / Front Kedaulatan Maluku Komite Nasional Papua Barat GPM MRP Maluku Protestant Churches / Papuan People Council / People’s Consultative Geredja Protestant Maluku Assembly / Majelis Rakyat Papua ICMI OPM Association of Muslim Intellectuals / Papua Freedom Organisation / Papua Freedom Ikatan cendikiawan Muslim Indonesia Movement / Organisasi Papua Merdeka. Some authors refer to them as the Papua Freedom Malino II Organization and others as the Papua Freedom Malino Peace Agreement / Movement. Perjanjian Malino II OTSUS MMC Special Autonomy Law No. 21/2001 / Maluku Media Centre Otonomi Khusus bagi Provinsi Papua PARKINDO PDP The Indonesian Christian Party / Papuan Presidium Council / Partai Kristen Indonesia Presidium Dewan Papua 6 Conflict Management in Indonesia PPN Poso specific Papua Peace Network / Jaringan Damai Papua GKST Central Sulawesi Christian Church / PVC Gereja Kristen Sulawesi Tengah Papuan Volunteer Corps Malino I UP4B Malino Peace Declaration / Unit for the Acceleration of Development in Papua Deklarasi Perdamaian Malino and West Papua / Unit Percepatan Pembangunan Papua dan Papua Barat POKJA-RKP The task force for Poso conflict reconciliation / WPNA Kelompok Kerja Resolusi Konflik Poso West Papua National Authority PRKP The Reconciliation Center for Poso conflict / Pusat Resolusi Konflik dan Perdamaian An Analysis of the Conflicts in Maluku, Papua and Poso 7 Acknowledgements and contributors The HD Centre would like to thank the MacArthur Irine Hiraswari Gayatri graduated with an MA in Foundation and International Development peace and conflict studies, from the Department of Research Centre for their support of the project Peace and Conflict Studies of Uppsala Universitet, over 2009–2011. Sweden in August 2005. Prior to getting her MA, The HD Centre