Waste Production and Utilization in the Metal Extraction Industry Waste Production and Utilization in the Metal Extraction Industry Sehliselo Ndlovu, Geoffrey S. Simate, and Elias Matinde CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2017 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed on acid-free paper International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4987-6729-3(Hardback) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. While all reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, neither the author[s] nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibil- ity or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publishers wish to make clear that any views or opinions expressed in this book by individual editors, authors or contributors are personal to them and do not necessarily reflect the views/opinions of the publishers. The information or guidance contained in this book is intended for use by medical, scientific or health-care professionals and is provided strictly as a supplement to the medical or other professional’s own judgement, their knowledge of the patient’s medical history, relevant manufacturer’s instructions and the appropriate best practice guidelines. Because of the rapid advances in medical science, any information or advice on dosages, procedures or diagnoses should be independently verified. The reader is strongly urged to consult the relevant national drug formulary and the drug companies’ and device or material manufacturers’ printed instructions, and their websites, before admin- istering or utilizing any of the drugs, devices or materials mentioned in this book. This book does not indicate whether a particular treatment is appropriate or suitable for a particular individual. Ultimately it is the sole responsibility of the medical professional to make his or her own professional judgements, so as to advise and treat patients appropriately. The authors and publishers have also attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including pho- tocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (h t t p :// www.copyright.com) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Ndlovu, Sehliselo, author. | Simate, Geoffrey S., author. | Matinde, Elias, author. Title: Waste production and utilization in the metal extraction industry / Sehliselo Ndlovu, Geoffrey S. Simate, Elias Matinde. Description: Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, CRC Press, 2017. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2016051880| ISBN 9781498767293 (hardback : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781498767309 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Metallurgical plants--Waste minimization. | Metallurgy--Waste minimization. | Mineral industries--Environmental aspects. | Extraction (Chemistry) | Metal wastes. Classification: LCC TN675.5 .N39 2017 | DDC 669.028/6--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016051880 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Contents Preface .............................................................................................................................................xv Authors ........................................................................................................................................ xvii 1. Overview ..................................................................................................................................1 1.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................1 1.2 Legislation and Impacts of Mining and Metallurgical Waste .................................1 1.2.1 Legislation and Policies...................................................................................1 1.2.2 Environmental and Health Impacts of Mining and Metallurgical Waste ������2 1.3 Mining and Beneficiation Waste Production and Utilization ���������������������������������4 1.3.1 Mine Overburden and Waste Rock ...............................................................4 1.3.2 Mineral Beneficiation Waste ...........................................................................5 1.3.3 Acid Mine Drainage ........................................................................................5 1.4 Ferrous Metals Waste Production and Utilization ...................................................5 1.5 Ferroalloys Waste Production and Utilization ..........................................................6 1.6 Base Metals Waste Production and Utilization .........................................................7 1.7 Hydrometallurgical Waste Production and Utilization ...........................................8 1.7.1 Production of Copper ......................................................................................8 1.7.2 Production of Zinc ...........................................................................................9 1.7.3 Production of Alumina ..................................................................................10 1.7.4 Production of Precious Metals .....................................................................10 1.7.5 Production of Strategic and Critical Metals ............................................... 11 1.8 Metal Manufacturing and Finishing Waste Production and Utilization ������������ 11 1.9 Post-Consumer Waste Production and Utilization ................................................12 1.10 Conclusions and Future Outlook ..............................................................................12 References ...............................................................................................................................13 2. Legislation and Policies Governing the Environmental and Health Impacts of Metallic Waste ...................................................................................................19 2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................19 2.2 Legislation and Policies ..............................................................................................21 2.2.1 ISO 14000 Environmental Management System .......................................21 2.2.2 Analysis of Legislation and Policies ............................................................24 2.2.2.1 United States of America ...............................................................24 2.2.2.2 European Union .............................................................................24 2.2.2.3 Australia ..........................................................................................24 2.2.2.4 South Africa .....................................................................................27 2.2.2.5 China ................................................................................................27 2.2.2.6 India .................................................................................................28 2.2.3 Guidelines for Managing Mining and Metallurgical Waste ....................29 2.2.3.1 Waste Rock ......................................................................................30 2.2.3.2 Tailings .............................................................................................30 2.2.3.3 Slag ...................................................................................................32 2.2.3.4 Sludge ..............................................................................................32 2.2.3.5 Air Emissions ..................................................................................35 v vi Contents 2.3 Environmental and Health Impacts .........................................................................36 2.3.1 Leachates .........................................................................................................37 2.3.1.1 Lead ..................................................................................................37 2.3.1.2 Mercury ............................................................................................38 2.3.1.3 Cadmium .........................................................................................39