Vol. 2 of 2 Refusal to License Intellectual Property Rights as an Abuse of Dominance under EU Competition Law: What is the Best Solution for Legal Certainty from a Rule of Law Perspective? By Marwa Marwan Shafiq Narmiq A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment for the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Central Lancashire October 2019 The law is stated as at 30th November 2018 and all the internet sources mentioned in the thesis were accessible as at end of November 2018. © Marwa Narmiq, 2018 1 LIST OF CASES WTO REPORT WTO Panel Report, Argentina: Measures Affecting the Export of Bovine Hide and the Import of Finished (Argentina-Hide and Leather)- Panel Report (February 2001) WT/DS155/R WTO AB Reports, EC: Export Subsidies on Sugar (28 April 2005) WT/DS265/266/283/AB/R WTO AB Reports, EC: Pipe Fittings (22 July 2003) WT/DS/219/AB/R WTO AB Reports, EC: Sardines (26 September 2002) WT/DS231/AB/R WTO Panel Report, Japan: Measures Affecting Consumer Photographic Film and Paper (Japan-Film)- Panel Report (April 1998) WT/DS44/R WTO AB Reports, Korea: Beef (11 December 2000) WT/DS161/AB/R, WT/DS169/AB/R WTO AB Reports Mexico: Corn Syrup (22 October 2001) WT/DS132/AB/RW WTO Panel Report, Mexico: Telecoms (2 April 2004) WT/DS204/R WTO AB Reports Thailand: H-Beams (12 March 2001) WT/DS122/AB/R 2 WTO AB Reports, United States: Standards for Reformulated and Conventional Gasoline-Report of the Appellate Body (29 April 1996) AB-19996-1 and WT/DS2/AB/R WTO AB Reports US: Cotton Yarn (8 October 2001) WT/DS192/AB/R WTO AB Reports, US: FSC (24 February 2000) WT/DS108/AB/R WTO AB Reports, US: Hot Rolled Steel (24 July 2001) WT/DS184/AB/R WTO AB Reports, US: Lamb (1 May 2001) WT/DS177/AB/R, WT/DS178/AB/R WTO AB Reports, U.S: Section 211 of the Omnibus Appropriations Act of 1998 (2 January 2002) WT/DS176/AB/R EU CASES AstraZeneca AB (Case COMP/A.37.507/F3) [2005] OJ L332/24 Case T-342/99, Airtours v Commission [2002] 5 C.M.L.R 7 Case C-62/86 AKZO v Commission, ECLI:EU:C:1991:286 Case C- 245/02 Anheuser-Busch v. Budejovicky Budvar [2004] ECR I-10989 Case T-321/05 AstraZeneca AB v European Commission [2010] EU: T:2010:266 Case C- 457-10 AstraZeneca AB v European Commission [2012] EU:C: 2012:770 Case T-219/99 British Airways v Commission [2003], CFI II 5925 3 Joined Cases C-395/96 P and C-396/96 P Campagnie Maritime Belge Transports v. Commission [2000] 4 C.M.L.R 1076 Case C-61/94, Commission v. Germany [1996] ECLI:EU:C:1996:313 Case C-53/87 Consorzio Italiano della Componentistica di Ricambio per Autoveicoli v Regie Nationale des Usines Renault [1988] E.C.R. 6039 Case 6/72 Cont’l Can Co. v. Comm’n (Continental Can) [1973] E.C.R. 215 Case 6/64 Costa v ENEL [1964] ECR 585 Case C-310/01 Electric v Commission [2003] 4 C.M.L.R 17 Case C-266/11 Expedia Inc v Authorite de la concurrence [2013] Bus. L.R. 705 Case COMP/M.2220 General Electric v Honeywell [2001] ECR Case 8/55 FEDERCHAR v High Authority [1954] 55 ECR 245 Case 104/81 Hauptzollomt Mainz v Kupferberg [1982] ECR 3641 Case C-85/76 Hoffman-La Roche v Commission, ECLI:EU:C:1979:36 Case 85/76 Hoffman La-Roche & Co. AG v. Comm’n (Hoffman La-Roche) [1979] E.C.R. 461 Case C-170/13 Huawei Technologies Co Ltd v ZTE Corp EU:C:2015: 477, [2015] Bus. L.R. 1261 4 Case C-170/13 Huawei Technologies Co Ltd v ZTE Corp, ZTE Duetschland GmbH (Re Smartphone Standard Essential Patents) [2015] C.M.L.R 14 Case C-170/1 Huawei Technologies Co Ltd v ZTE Corp. [2016] R.P.C. 4 Case 6/60 Humblet v. Belgium [1960] ECR 559 Case 26/62 Van Gen den Loos v. Netherlands Inland Revenue Administration [1963] ECR 1 Case C-418/01 IMS Health v NDC Health [2004] ECR I-5039 Joined Cases C-402/05 P and C-415/05 P, Kadi et al v. Council and Commission [2008] ECLI:EU:2008:461 Case C-52/07 Kanal 5 and TV 4, ECLI:EU:C:2008:70 Case C-52/09 Konkurrensverket v. TeliaSonera Sverige [2011] 4 C.M.L.R 18 Case C-109/03 KPN Telecom BV v Onafhankelijke Post en Telecommunicatie Autoriteit [2004] E.C.R. I-11273 Case C-52/09 Konkurrensverkt v TeliaSnonera Sverige AB [2011] ECR I-000; [2011] 4 CMLR 982 Case T-203/01 Michelin v Commission [2003] CFI II-4083 Case T-01/04, Microsoft Corp. v EC [2006] ECR II-1491 Case T-201/04 Microsoft Corp v Commission [2007] ECR II-3601 (GC) Case T-167/08 Microsoft Corp v European Commission [2012] General Court 5 C- 322/81 Neverlansche Banden Industrie Michelin v Commission [1985] 1 C.M.L.R 282 Case 322/81 NV Nederlandsche Banden Industrie Michelin v Commission [1983] ECR 3461 Case C-7/97 Oscar Bronner GmbH & Co KG v Mediaprint Zeitungs-und Zeitschriftenverlag GmbH & Co KG [1998] E.C.R I-7791 Case C-241/91 P Radio Telefic Eireann v Commission (Magill) [1995] ECR I-743 Joined Cases C-300/98 & C-392/98 Parfums Christian Dior SA v. TUK Consultancy BV and Assco Geruste GmbH and Rob van Dijk v. Wilhelm Layker GmbH & Co. KG and Layher BV [2000] ECR I-11307 Case C-209/10 Post Denmark A/S v Konkurrenceradet [2012] 4 C.M.L.R 23 Case T-119/09 Protégé International v Commission [2012] Case T-184/01 R IMS Health Inc v Commission [2001] ECR II-3193 Case C-241/91 P and C-242/91 P Radio Telefis Eirann (RTE) and Independent Telivision Publication Ltd (ITP) v Commission [1995] ECR I-743 Case C-7/97 Oscar Bronner GmbH & Co KG v Mediaprint Zeitungs-und Zeitschriftenverlag GmbH & Co KG [1998] E.C.R I-7791 Case AT.39740 Re Google Search (Shopping) [2018] 4 CMLR 12 C-284/95, Safety Hi-Tec Srl v S & T Srl [1998] ECR I-4301 6 Case C-89/99, Schieving-Nijstad and Others v. Robert Groeneveld [2001] ECR I-5851 Case C-52/09 TeliaSonera Sverige, ECLI:EU:C:2011:83 Case T-5/02, Tetra Laval v Commission [2002] 5 C.M.L.R. 29 Joined Cases C-447 and 448/05 Thomson Multimedia and Vestel France v Administration des Douanes [2007] ECR I- 2049 Case T-504/93 Tiércé Ladbroke v Commission, ECLI:EU:T:1997:84. Case C-192/73, Van Zuylen frères v Hag AG [1974] ECLI:EU:C:1974:72 Case 238/87 Volvo AB v Erik Veng (UK) Ltd [1989] C.M.L.R 122 Case 27/76 United Brands Co. & United Brands Cont’l v. Comm’n (United Brands) [1978] E.C.R. 207 Magill (RTE and Others v European Commission) [1995] ECR I 743, 823 Microsoft Case (Case COMP/C-3/37.792) [2004] C (2004)900 final NDC Health v IMS Health: Interim measures (Case COMP D3/38.044) [2003] O.J. 2003, L 268/69 Promedia v Commission [1998] E.C.R. II-2941 7 NATIONAL CASES Archos SA v Royal Philips NV [2017] Rechtbank The Hague C/09/505587 Atari Games Corp.v Nintendo of America Inc, [1990] F, 2d. 1572 (Fed. Cir.) British Leyland Motor Corporation Ltd v TI Silencers Ltd [1981] 2 CMLR 75 Brown v Duchesne (1856) 60 U.S. 183 Brownie Wireless Co. Ltd.’s Application [1929] 46 R.P.C. Cammeyer v Newton (1876) 94 U.S. 225 Colborne Enginerring Co. Ltd’s Application [1955] 72 R.P.C. 169 Cooperative Union Ltd’s and Others’ Application [1933] 50 R.P.C. 164 Crozier v Fried Krupp (1912) 224 U.S. 290 CSU, L.L.C v Xerox Corp. [2000] 203 F.3d 1326 Data Gen. Corp. v Grumman Sys. Support Corp. [1994] 36 F.3d 1147 Dawson Chemical Co. v Rohm & Haas [1980] 448 US 175 8 G Electronics v Sony, District Court of The Hague [2011], Case KG ZA 11–269 Intel Corporation v Via Technologies Inc and Elitegroup Computer Systems [2002] EWCA Civ 1905 Illinois Tool Works Inc. and others Petitioners v Independent ink, Inc [2006] 547 U.S. 28 Joint cases No. 316533/HA ZA 08-2522 and 316535/HA ZA 08-2524 Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. v SK Kassetten GmbH & co. KG Case KZR 39/06 Orange-Book-Standard [2009] 180 BGHZ 312 Joint Cases 400367/HA ZA 11–2212, 400376/HA ZA 11–2213 and 400385/HA ZA 11– 2215 Samsung v Apple [2012] District Court of The Hague Kamborian’s Patent [1961] R.P.C. 403 Saint Lawrence v Deutsche Telekom [2015] Mannheim Regional Court 2 O 106/14 Sivel v Haier [2015] LG Düsseldorf 4a O 144/14 Seymour v Osborne (1870) 78 U.S. 516 Unwired Planet International Ltd v Huawei Technologies Co Ltd [2017] EWHC 2988 (Pat) [2017] R.P.C 19 Unwired Planet International Ltd v Huawei Technologies Co Ltd [2017] EWHC 2988 (Chancery Division Pat) [2018] 4 C.M.L.R 17 9 United States v Dubilier Condenser Corp., [1933] 289 U.S. 178 United States v Microsoft [2002] F. Supp. 2d 144 10 LIST OF TREATIES, LEGISLATION AND LAW INTERNATIONAL Agreement on Trade-Related aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) 1995 The Berne Convention for the Protection of literary and Artistic Works (1886) Draft Final Act Embodying the Results of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations, revision, Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, Including Trade in Counterfeit Goods (1990) MTN.TNC/W/35/Rev.