THE EVOLUTION OF NURSING SALLY WOODWARD, BSN, RN, CNOR OBJECTIVES 1. Describe the history of nursing from primitive to present. 2. Determine how changes in our society brought change to the nursing profession. 3. Examine the future of the nursing profession. ROLE OF THE CAREGIVER • The Zuni Tribe believed if a baby was born with the placenta covering the face that the child was destined to be a caregiver. • Most nursing care was assigned to female members of society because they traditionally provided nurturance to their own infants. CHRISTIAN ERA Fabiola, a deaconess, who is Phoebe is cited as the first credited with the establishment visiting nurse because of the and operation of the first expert home care she provided. Most care was provided in the Christian Hospital in Rome. home by family or clansmen. NURSING IN EARLY MODERN EUROPE • Elizabeth Fry, a Quaker, founded the Protestant Sisters of Charity in 1840. The Sisters received minimal training by observing in 2 London hospitals. FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE • Born into a wealthy British family and educated in languages, mathematics, statistics, natural science, literature. • Believing she was called to service of humanity, she trained with Pastor Fliedner’s Deaconess Home in Germany. • Made superintendent of the Upper Harley Street Hospital upon her return to England. • Took a group to care for the sick and wounded in the Crimean War. Mortality rate greatly reduced. • Nightingale carefully documented the results of her care and used these as a basis for further intervention-laying the foundation of evidence based practice. • Nightingale was awarded a trust fund upon her return to England that she used to establish the Nightingale School of Nursing at St. Thomas’ Hospital in London for the education of professional nurses. PROFESSIONAL NURSING IN THE UNITED STATES • Civil War-no nursing schools, no trained nurses. The title of nurse was given to women who came to care for a wounded family member and stayed to help, or a member of the Catholic religious community that cared for wounded in a military hospital. • More than 3000 women served as nurses during the Civil War. • Clara Barton volunteered as a nurse during the Civil War despite having no formal training as a nurse. • She was instrumental in organizing and acquiring needed supplies for the troops often using her own resources. • She established the American Red Cross and convinced Congress to affiliate with the International Red Cross. 1870 – 1900 PROFESSIONAL NURSING IN THE UNITED STATES 1872 The first permanent school of nursing was established at Women’s Hospital in Philadelphia. It followed the Nightingale model with a set curriculum, paid instructors and equipment for the practice of nursing skills. Great Aunt Bertha Giffen pictured 1903 Detroit, Michigan WARTIME NURSING CHANGES IN NURSING EDUCATION • Diploma programs were economically dependent on the hospitals and used students as labor CHANGES IN NURSING EDUCATION • ADN-1970’s the number of ADN programs exceeded BSN, Diploma schools decreased • BSN-1965 ANA position paper-recommended minimum prep for professional nurse BSN • APN-1970-80’s-graduate programs expanded. NP’s as primary provider widely accepted FUTURE TRENDS FUTURE TRENDS THANK YOU! Sally Woodward, BSN, RN, CNOR Questions? .