Malus Diversity in Wild and Agricultural Ecosystems Item Type text; Electronic Dissertation Authors Routson, Kanin Josif Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 06/10/2021 10:49:17 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/223381 MALUS DIVERSITY IN WILD AND AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS By Kanin J. Routson _________________________________________________________________________________________________ A Dissertation SuBmitteD to the Faculty of the GRADUATE INTERDISCIPLINARY PROGRAM IN ARID LANDS RESOURCE SCIENCES In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2012 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Dissertation Committee, we certify that we have reaD the dissertation prepared By Kanin J. Routson, entitled “Malus Diversity in Wild and Agricultural Ecosystems” anD recommenD that it Be accepteD as fulfilling the Dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. _______________________________________________Date: April 20, 2012 Gary Paul NaBhan _______________________________________________Date: April 20, 2012 Gayle M. Volk _______________________________________________Date: April 20, 2012 Steven Smith _______________________________________________Date: April 20, 2012 Paul F. RobBins _______________________________________________Date: April 20, 2012 Stuart E. Marsh Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate’s suBmission of the final copies of the Dissertation to the GraDuate College. I hereBy certify that I have reaD this Dissertation prepareD unDer my Direction anD recommenD that it Be accepteD as fulfilling the Dissertation requirement. _______________________________________________Date: April 20, 2012 Dissertation Director: Gary Paul NaBhan 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This Dissertation has Been suBmitteD in partial fulfillment of requirements for an aDvanceD Degree at the University of Arizona anD is DepositeD in the University LiBrary to Be maDe availaBle to Borrowers unDer rules of the LiBrary. Brief quotations from this Dissertation are allowaBle without special permission, proviDeD that accurate acknowleDgment of source is maDe. Requests for permission for extenDeD quotation from or reproDuction of this manuscript in whole or in part may Be granteD By the author. SIGNED: Kanin J. Routson 4 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I sincerely thank all who have contributeD to this research and helpeD me navigate through my Doctoral Degree. Specifically, I woulD like to thank my Dissertation chair, Gary NaBhan, anD my PhD committee members Gayle Volk, Steven Smith, Stuart Marsh, and Paul RoBBins for their guiDance anD mentoring of my eDucation anD research. Thank you Stuart Marsh, Marylou Meyers, and Alicia Canett of AriD LanD Resources Sciences and GDIP for help with tuition, teaching assistantships, and in meeting Deadlines and the necessary paperwork. I am grateful to the GIDP office for funDing much of my research anD eDucation through teaching assistantships and professors, George Gehrels, Katie Hirschboek, and Pat Willerton whose classes I assisteD. Thank you Joe Wilder, Lupita Cruz and other folks at the Southwest Center for providing assistance, a workspace, and funding. I am inDeBteD to all who have contriButeD to the Diverse chapters of my research. Dendrochronology of historic apple trees would not have Been possible without help from Cody Routson and Paul Sheppard. The M. fusca research as well was maDe possiBle through the generosity anD contriButions of numerous people. Thanks to British Columbia collaBorators Victoria Wyllie De Echeverria, Nancy Turner, Leslie Main Johnson, and Ken Downs for their insights and contributions to the project anD for proviDing samples from culturally managed harvesting sites. Thanks to University of Arizona HerBarium (ARIZ) staff Phillip Jenkins anD Sarah Hunkins for assistance in acquiring herBarium recorDs anD Steffi Ickert-Bond and other staff at the University of Alaska Museum of the North HerBarium (ALA), staff at the University of British Columbia HerBarium (UBC) anD the University of AlBerta HerBarium (ALTA) for senDing samples. Sarah Hayes anD Joseph Postman were very helpful in collecting fielD samples of M. fusca. Thank you Christopher Richards for help with analyses and for use of the laB facilities and Adam Henk for technical assistance in the lab. Thanks Ned Garvey and Karen Williams for assistance in securing Plant Germplasm Collection funDs. Thank you Kellogg Program of the University of Arizona Southwest Center for additional support. Lastly I am grateful for my family anD frienDs, Mom, DaD, Rafael, anD CoDy for who have supporteD me throughout my life and education. 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES....................................................................................................................................... 6 LIST OF TABLES......................................................................................................................................... 7 ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................................................... 8 CHAPTER 1 ............................................................................................................................................... 10 INTRODUCTION……............................................................................................................................... 10 Explanation of the ProBlem anD Its Context .......................................................................... 10 Apple Trees as a Perennial Crop …............................................................................................. 12 Explanation of Dissertation Format .......................................................................................... 13 CHAPTER 2 ............................................................................................................................................... 15 PRESENT STUDY..................................................................................................................................... 15 1. Resilience of Feral Domestic Apple Trees .......................................................................... 15 2. Collecting Crop Wild Relatives to Capture Genetic Variation ................................... 20 A. Species-Level Collections ...................................................................................................... 21 B. Population-Level Collections .............................................................................................. 22 C. Family-Level Collections ....................................................................................................... 23 InformeD SuBsequent Collections …………........................................................................... 24 3. Genetic Variation in the Pacific Crabapple ........................................................................ 25 Conclusions anD RecommenDations for Future Research ............................................... 29 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................... 31 APPENDIX A: DENDROCHRONOLOGY REVEALS PLANTING DATES OF HISTORIC APPLE TREES IN THE SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES (Published in The Journal of American Pomological Society, 66(1): 9-15, January 2012) .......................................... 37 APPENDIX B: COLLECTING CROP WILD RELATIVES TO CAPTURE GENETIC VARIATION (Intended for Crop Science) .................................................................................... 46 APPENDIX C: GENETIC VARIATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF PACIFIC CRABAPPLE, MALUS FUSCA, (RAF.) C.K. SCHNEID. (Intended for The Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science) ................................................................................................... 71 6 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Farms growing apples in Arizona over the last century ................................... 16 Figure 2: AbanDoneD historic orcharD sites analyzeD ........................................................... 17 Figure 3: Raw ring-wiDth series of individual trees …………………..................................... 18 Figure 4: Tree-ring chronologies of four historic apple orcharDs ………………………... 19 Figure 5: Collection informeD in situ and ex situ conservation .......................................... 24 Figure 6: Potential habitat for Pacific crabapple ...................................................................... 28 7 LIST OF TABLES TaBle 1: A framework for collecting genetic variation in wilD relatives ....................... 21 8 ABSTRACT Human-inDuceD lanD DegraDation anD climate change can reDuce agricultural productivity and increase susceptibility to food shortages at local and global scales. Planting perennial crop species, such as fruit and nut crops, may Be an intervention strategy Because of their beneficial contributions to sustainaBle agriculture and human nutrition. Many perennial temperate fruit anD nut species are however, particularly vulnerable to frost events, drought,