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KNOWLEDGE, SOCIAL SCIENCE AND DEMOCRACY IN OCCUPIED GERMANY, 1943-1955 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By David John Staley, B.A., M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 1993 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Alan D . Beyerchen Advisor Department of History John S. Hill Michael J. Hogan Copyright by David J. Staley 1993 For my son Adam Winston Staley 0.1 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This dissertation has been an intellectual journey. I have encountered many people who have offered support and encouragement. I must first thank the members of my dissertation committee. Dr. John Hill and Dr. Michael Hogan, for their insightful thoughts and good advice. Dr. Alan Beyerchen— my mentor and friend— has transcended his role as advisor. His guidance has sustained me over the course of eight years. It is he who taught me the intricacies of knowledge, and gave me the freedom to explore all its boundaries. Kahilil Gibran has written "If he is indeed wise he does not bid you enter the house of his wisdom, but rather leads you to the threshold of your own mind." Alan Beyerchen is the wisest man I know. I also wish to thank the Rockefeller Archive Center for a grant which allowed me to travel to North Tarrytown, New York in August 1991. The Graduate School of the Ohio State University, through the Graduate Student Alumni Research Award, allowed me to spend time in Washington, DC, at the National Archives and the Washington National Records Center. I am also indebted to the German Historical Institute for their generous grant, which allowed me to return to Washington, and permitted me time to complete the manuscript. At the Rockefeller Archive Center, archivists Erwin Devoid, Gretchen Koerpel and Tom Brown were exceedingly helpful and open with their records, as well as being charming and thoughtful dinner companions. At the National Archives, Will Mahoney aided greatly in my searches through the OSS records. At the University of Chicago, Joseph Regenstein Library, Department of Special Collections, Archivist Richard Popp graciously granted me access to the papers of Everett C. Hughes. I iii also wish to thank the Chief Librarian at the German Historical Institute Gaby Mueller-Oelrichs for her assistance. Good archivists and librarians make the tasks of the researcher much easier. I have also encountered others on this journey who, by virtue of their friendship, criticism and ideas, have contributed to this finished work. I cannot possibly mention all of them. The members of the Cultural Historians Circle at Ohio State— Dr.Lawrence Greenfield, Dr. Stuart Hobbs, and Dr. Kevin White— offered esprit de corps, useful advise, and good comments on several chapters. They are truly good scholars and loyal friends. Dorothy Ross, Franz Samelson and other members of the Cheiron Society made several suggestions on those portions of my work I presented at conferences in Windsor, Ontario and Durham,New Hampshire. Members of 999 German Historians group offered useful comments. I must thank Maria Mazon who prepared the final draft. I also wish to acknowledge my friends and colleagues at Marietta College, who heard a summary of my work, and offered encouragement and stimulating ideas. The imperfections which remain in this final work should not reflect on anyone but myself. My parents, Joseph and Joan Staley, provided me with a refuge during the crucial writing stage, as well as comfort and understanding during the most difficult time of my life. I am not certain if they fully understand my gratitude to them. I wish to thank Wendy C. Ritter for her friendship, for introducing me to Kurosawa, and her good questions. Sue Oakes and Stacey Diehl taught me to paint. I thank Irene Iskander, for her hospitality, and Lois Hingsbergen, who similarly opened her home to me, and was gracious company and a good friend. My brother, Eric Staley and Jill Booth offered encouragement and relaxation IV when all seemed too stressful. For her love, companionship and conversation, I thank Alexa Reck, my Beloved Reader. Wherever my journey takes me, the path always winds back toward my son, Adam Winston Staley, who manages to place everything in its appropriate perspective. It is to him that this finished product of my journey is dedicated. VITA October 28, 1963.................... Born-Columbus, Ohio 1986.............................. B.A., cum laude. The Ohio State University 1986-1992 ......................... Graduate Teaching Assistant, Department of History, The Ohio State University 1988.............................. M.A., The Ohio State University 1991.............................. Adjunct Lecturer, Department of History, Otterbein College 1992-present...................... Adjunct Lecturer, Department of History, Marietta College FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field; History Studies in: Modern British History— Professor Martha Garland Modern Japanese History— Professor James Bartholomew World History— Professor Marilyn Waldman VI TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION........................................ 11 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................. Ill VITA.............................................. vl CHAPTER PAGE I. KNOWLEDGE, SOCIAL SCIENCE AND DEMOCRACY ........ 1 II. KNOWLEDGE AS STATEGIC INTELLIGENCE........... 28 "Thoroughly Objective and Neutral".......... 30 Images of the F u t u r e ...................... 35 Social Knowledge as a Nationalized Resource. 40 III. EFFICIENCY, DEMOCRACY AND THE VORGESCHICHTE OF THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC ......................... 48 The Political Scientist as Efficiency Expert . 51 The Laenderrat and the Resurrection of Efficient Administration .............................. 55 The Voraeschlchte of the Federal Republic. 68 IV. BETWEEN SILENCE AND CONVERSATION............. 75 The University of Chlcago-Unlverslty of Frankfurt Exchange Program............................ 76 Within the Frontier of G r o u p s .............. 78 The Sociology of Sociology.................. 83 "Innocents Abroad".......................... 91 Silence, Democracy and German "Reflective Memory" 97 V. RANDOM SAMPLING AND THE "VOICE OF THE PEOPLE" . 105 Random Samples and Democratization............107 Control of German Survey Research ............. 117 Wlrkllchen Melnung................. 123 VI. DEMOCRACY THROUGH AMERICAN SOCIAL SCIENCE .... 135 The Rockefeller Foundation and Prewar Perceptions 137 Surveys of Germany 1946-1950................ 140 Patronage of Social Knowledge ................. 147 The Culture of Social Science and Democracy . 163 VII. THE SANCTUARY OF ECONOMICS..................... 170 Democracy as Consumption ..................... 172 Via. "A New Bond Between Economists"..................180 The Second Borchardt Controversy ............. 186 VIII. FREIBURG SCHOOL OR FRANKFURT SCHOOL?............193 BIBLIOGRAPHY........................................ 199 V l l l chapter I Knowledge, Social Science and Democracy The story of the encounter between German and American social science begins in the nineteenth century. Many of the first professional American social scientists received their training and advanced degrees from German universities, at a time when the modern American research university was emerging. While in Germany, American social scientists absorbed the philosophical approach to knowledge and to the study of society, in the German tradition of Geisteewissenschaft. By the 1920'B, however, the students of the first generation had sent American social science along a different path, away from German philosophy and toward an image of social science that stressed positivist, pragmatic knowledge useful for the management and control of society, a process one historian refers to as "the Americanization of the social sciences.The bifurcated