Traditional and Books Innovative Approaches in Seismic Design Edited by Linda Giresini and Francesca Taddei Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Buildings www.mdpi.com/journal/buildings MDPI Traditional and Innovative Approaches in Seismic Design Special Issue Editors Linda Giresini Books Francesca Taddei MDPI • Basel • Beijing • Wuhan • Barcelona • Belgrade MDPI Special Issue Editors Linda Giresini University of Pisa Italy Francesca Taddei Technical University of Munich Germany Editorial Office MDPI AG St. Alban-Anlage 66 Basel, Switzerland This edition is a reprint of the Special Issue published online in the open access journal Buildings (ISSN 2075-5309) in 2017 (available at: http://www.mdpi.com/journal/buildings/special issues/ seismic design). Books For citation purposes, cite each article independently as indicated on the article page online and as indicated below: Lastname, F.M.; Lastname, F.M. Article title. Journal Name. Year. Article number, page range. First Edition 2018 ISBN 978-3-03842-747-6 (Pbk) ISBN 978-3-03842-748-3 (PDF) Funded by the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) in the framework of the program “Hochschuldialog mit Südeuropa”. Cover photo courtesy of Linda Giresini. Articles in this volume are Open Access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. The book taken as a whole is c 2018 MDPI, Basel, Switzerland, distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-ND (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). MDPI Table of Contents AbouttheSpecialIssueEditors. v Fabio Solarino, Linda Giresini, Wen-Shao Chang and Haoyu Huang Experimental Tests on a Dowel-Type Timber Connection and Validation of Numerical Models doi:10.3390/buildings7040116 ..................................... 1 Maurizio Froli, Francesco Laccone and Dario Maesano The TVT Glass Pavilion: Theoretical Study on a Highly Transparent Building Made with Long-Spanned TVT Portals Braced with Hybrid Glass-Steel Panels doi:10.3390/buildings7020050 ..................................... 15 Mario Lucio Puppio, Martina Pellegrino, Linda Giresini and Mauro Sassu Effect of Material Variability and Mechanical Eccentricity on the Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of Reinforced Concrete Buildings doi:10.3390/buildings7030066 ..................................... 33 Mauro Sassu, Mario Lucio Puppio and Eleonora Mannari Seismic Reinforcement of a R.C. School Structure with Strength Irregularities throughout External Bracing Walls doi:10.3390/buildings7030058 ..................................... 51 Books Christoph Butenweg, Julia Rosin and Stefan Holler Analysis of Cylindrical Granular Material Silos under Seismic Excitation doi:10.3390/buildings7030061 ..................................... 64 Mauro Sassu, Flavio Stochino and Fausto Mistretta Assessment Method for Combined Structural and Energy Retrofitting in Masonry Buildings doi:10.3390/buildings7030071 ..................................... 76 Claudia Casapulla, Linda Giresini and Paulo B. Louren¸co Rocking and Kinematic Approaches for Rigid Block Analysis of Masonry Walls: State of the Art and Recent Developments doi:10.3390/buildings7030069 ..................................... 90 Valerio Alecci, Mario De Stefano, Francesco Focacci, Raimondo Luciano, Luisa Rovero and Gianfranco Stipo Strengthening Masonry Arches with Lime-Based Mortar Composite doi:10.3390/buildings7020049 .....................................109 Bartolomeo Pant`o,Francesco Cannizzaro, Salvatore Caddemi, Ivo Cali`o,C´esarCh´acaraand Paulo B. Louren¸co Nonlinear Modelling of Curved Masonry Structures after Seismic Retrofit through FRP Reinforcing doi:10.3390/buildings7030079 .....................................120 Francesco Cannizzaro, Bartolomeo Pant`o,Marco Lepidi, Salvatore Caddemi and Ivo Cali`o Multi-Directional Seismic Assessment of Historical Masonry Buildings by Means of Macro-Element Modelling: Application to a Building Damaged during the LAquila Earthquake (Italy) doi:10.3390/buildings7040106 .....................................137 iii MDPI Books MDPI About the Special Issue Editors Linda Giresini is Assistant Professor at the School of Engineering in the University of Pisa. She is author and co-author of over 50 publications in the field of earthquake and structural engineering, with emphasis on masonry and reinforced concrete structures. In particular, her research interests include mitigation of risk in existing structures, experimental tests on masonry and r.c. structures, sustainable and resilient infrastructures, low-cost structural solutions for developing countries and rehabilitation of archaeological sites. Since 2013, she has been collaborating with research groups from the Universities of Aachen, Munich (Germany), Minho (Portugal) and Bath (UK). Francesca Taddei obtained her doctorate from the civil engineering faculty of the RWTH Aachen University and she is currently a postdoctoral fellow at the Chair of Structural Mechanics of the Technical University of Munich. Her current research focuses on structural dynamics, soil dynamics, soil-structure interaction, site-city interaction, vibration estimation and mitigation and numerical modeling of wave propagation in buildings (finite element method, boundary element method, ITM). She is involved in several worldwide collaborations, such as with the Beijing University of Technology, RWTH Aachen, Braunschweig University of Technology and the University of Pisa. Books v MDPI Books MDPI buildings Article Experimental Tests on a Dowel-Type Timber Connection and Validation of Numerical Models Fabio Solarino 1 ID , Linda Giresini 1,* ID , Wen-Shao Chang 2 ID and Haoyu Huang 3 1 Department of Energy, Systems, Territory and Constructions Engineering, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino, 56122 Pisa, Italy; [email protected] 2 Sheffield School of Architecture, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK; w.chang@sheffield.ac.uk 3 College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, 100 Pingleyuan, Beijing 100124, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 17 October 2017; Accepted: 30 November 2017; Published: 5 December 2017 Abstract: This paper examines the dynamic behaviour of timber framed buildings under wind and dynamic loads, focusing on the role of connections being experimentally tested. The main aim of this manuscript is to analyze the in-service dynamic behaviour of a semi-rigid moment-resisting dowel-type connection between timber beam and column. For this purpose, two laboratory tests have been performed, the first on a connection and another one on a portal frame. The results are used to validate a numerical model of the simple portal frame, analyzed in OpenSees. The obtained relationships are also discussed and compared with Eurocode rules. The main result is that the joint stiffness is calculated through the Eurocode (EC) formulation underestimates the experimental one. Books A mutual agreement is obtained between the numerical model, validated from the experimental stiffness value for the connections, and the experimental results on the portal frame. Keywords: timber; dowel-type connection; rotational stiffness; curve fitting; damping; OpenSees 1. Introduction Wind-induced vibrations reveal to be an important design aspect when dealing with timber structures due to their low mass. A deeper knowledge about the connection behaviour is necessary to face this issue. Connections play a significant role on structural stiffness and damping, and the lack of information about their in-service dynamic vibrations challenges designers. The connections in timber structures are often designed by using dowel-type connections and they make a significant contribution to the overall structural stiffness. Many researchers have experimentally studied dowel type connections, focusing their attention on single dowel connection axially loaded (parallel to the grain direction) [1,2]. Beam-to-column moment resisting dowel type connections have also been tested to achieve a better knowledge about the rotational stiffness of the joint [3–5]. Dynamic properties of dowelled connections have been investigated through cyclic load tests [6,7], showing their contribution to damping in a complete structure. Analytical models can be used to predict in-service stiffness as well as the frictional energy dissipation in embedment [8–12]. Eurocode 5 [13] provides rules for calculating the slip modulus (kser), which can be used to assess the connection stiffness appropriate to static loading under serviceability limit state. Incidentally, the importance of dissipation due to friction has also been analytically and experimentally demonstrated for the collapse failures of masonry structures, by means of a rigid-plastic orthotropic damage model [14–17]. For such structures in a dynamic perspective, the dissipation due to the impact between rigid surfaces also plays an important role [18,19]. Buildings 2017, 7, 116 1 www.mdpi.com/journal/buildings MDPI Buildings 2017, 7, 116 Moreover, the semi-rigid connection stiffness required for modelling and predicting the in-service dynamic behaviour of dowel-type connections is different from the stiffness required for static loading [7]. Furthermore, kser is empirically determined,