CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, NORTHRIDGE ANATOLIP~ IVORIES - HITTITE AFFILIATIONS ' ( IN LIGHT OF NEW FINDINGS A thesis submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Art by Joan Anne Greenfield _/ January 1977 -----------------------. The Thesis of Joan Anne Greenfield is approved: Earle Field, Ph.D. Chairman California State University, Northridge ii ACKNOWLEDGMENT I would like to take this opportunity to thank the members of my committee, Dr. Earle Field, Dr. Birgitta Wohl, and Dr. Jeanne L. Trabold for their generously donated time and guidance throughout the development of this study. An additional expression of gratitude is extended to Dr. Trabold, my committee chairman, graduate advisor and instructor, from whose talents and interest I have gained the necessary stimulus for the completion of this thesis. ----------------------------------~ iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENT . iii LIST OF PLATES AND SOURCES • . v · ABSTRACT . xiv COLORPLATE (PLATE 1) . • Frontispiece Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION . • . • . • . ~ • . • • 1 2. HITTITE ARTISTIC FEATURES IN GENERAL: ROLE OF THE MINOR ARTS IN RELATION TO HITTITE ART AS A WHOLE . • . • . 21 3. HITTITE CHP~ACTERISTICS IN THE ANATOLIAN SCHOOL OF IVORY CARVING . • • . • • • 61 4. INFLUENCES FROM THE ANATOLIAN SCHOOL OF IVORY CARVING REFLECTED IN THE NEG- HITTITE PERIOD • • • • . • • • 116 5. SUMMP~Y AND CONCLUSIONS . 155 BIBLIOGRAPHY . 163 APPENDIXES . 169 COMPARATIVE TABLE 170 MAP. • • • • . • . 171 CHART ~~ MAP SOURCES. • 172 iv Plates and Sources Plate Page 1. Pratt Ivories in the Metropolitan Museum: Three ivory female sphinxes; hind leg of a lion. Source: Prudence 0. Harper, "Dating a Group of Ivories from Anatolia," Connoisseur, Vol 172, #693, November, 1969, Figure 8... Frontispiece 2. Figs. (a) and (b): Figurines from the Nimrud Ivories. Source: After R.D. Barnett, "Greek and Oriental Ivories)," Journal of.Hellenic Studies, Vol. LXVIII, 194<:5, Plate III. • • • • • • • • 15 Fig. (c): Ivory sphinx from the Pratt Collection. Source: H. Frankfort, The Art and Architecture of the Ancient Orient, London, Penguin Books, 1970, Figure 373. • • . • . • . • . 15 3. Fig. (a): Ivory Goddess from Kultepe. Source: Seton Lloyd, Early Highland Peoples of P~atolia, London, Thames & Hudson, Ltd., 1967, Figure 49 . • • . • • . • • • • . • • 17 Fig. (b): Statue of Idrimi. Source: After R.D. Barnett, The Minrud Ivories with other examples of Ancient Near Eastern Ivories in the British Museum, London, British Museum, 1957t Figure 6a . • . • . • • . • • 17 4. Figs. (a) and (b): Akkadian Seal Impressions. Source: H. Frankfort, The Art and Architecture of the P~cient Orient, London, Penguin Books, 1970, Figure 96 . • . • . • • • • • . • . • 25 Figs. (c) and (d) Cappadocian Seal Impressions. Source: Catalogue of Ancient Near Eastern Seals in the Ashmolean Museum, Vol. I, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1966, No. 833, Drawings C-D. • • • • • 25 •-------··---------~-----·-------------------------------~-------· v ... --· -~-------- ---------···- -·-------~-~--- ---~- -- ---· ----. - - ------. ·- --------·-- Plates and Sources (continued) Plate Page 5. Seal Impressions from Anatolia - 19th/18th centuries B.C. Source: N. Ozgu~, "Assyrian Trade Colonies in Anatolia," Archaeology, November, 1969, Page 253. • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • 29 6. Rock Carvings, Yazilikaya. Source: M. Vierya, Hittite Art, London, Alec Tiranti, Ltd., 1955, Plate 20 ••• 30 7. Sculptures of the main gallery, Yazilikaya. Source: R. Gurney, The Hittites, Baltimore, Penguin Books, 1964, Figure 8. • • • • • • • 32 8. Symbols of the deities on monuments of Zinjirli. Source: Yigael Yadin, "Symbols of Deities at Zinjirli, Carthage and Hazor," Near Eastern Archaeology in the Twentieth Century, ed. James A. Sanders, New York, Doubleday & Co., Inc., 1970, Figure 8 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 34 9. Fig. (a) Mittanian or Syrian cylinder seal. Source: W.S. Smith, Interconnections in the Ancient Near East, New Haven, Yale University Press, 1965, Figure 154a. • • • • • • • • 37 Figure (b) Hittite winged disk in royal monogram. Source: H. Frankfort, C~linder Seals, London, The Gregg Press Ltd., 19 5, Figure 89. • • • 37 10. Sword God, Yazilikaya. Source: H. Frankfort, The Art and Architecture of the Ancient Orient, London, Penguin Books, 1970, Figures 264 and 265 ••••••• ~ • • 39 Vi Plates and Sources (continued) Plate Page 11. Fig. (a) Figurines from Carchemish. Source: E. Akurgal, The Art of the Hittites, New York, Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 1962, Plate 53. • • • . • • • • . • • . • • • . • • . 40 Fig. (b) Ivory Mountain God. Source: E. Akurgal, The Art of the Hittites, New York, Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 1962, Plate 53. .. • . • • . 40 12. Fig. (a) Seal of King Muwatalli. Source: M. Vierya, Hittite Art, London, Alec Titanti, Ltd., 1955, Figure 38a. • • • • 41 Fig. (b) King Tudhaliya, Yazilikaya IV. Source: E. Akurgal, The Art of Greece: Its Origins in the Mediterranean and Near East, New York, Crown Publishers, Inc., 1966, Figure 59 • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • 41 13. Seal Impressions of the Kings of the Hittite Empire. Source: E. Akurgal, The Art of the Hittites, New York, Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 1962, Figure i. 42 14. Hittite Stamp Seals and Gold Signet Ring. Source: E. Akurgal, The Art of the Hittites, New York, Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 1962, Plate 52. • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • 44 15. Fig. (a) Hittite sign of looped cross. Source: After H. Kantor, "A 'Syro-Hittite' Treasure in the Oriental Institute Museum, 11 Journal of Near Eastern Studies, Vol. XVI,. #3, July, 19 57, Figure 2. • • • • • • • • • • 49 Fig. (b) Egyptian~ sign. Source: J. Greenfield, drawn from a photograph E. Weyes•s Ornament,New York, 1924, Plate XV. 49 vii Plates and Sources (continued) Plate Page 15. Fig. (c) Drawing of Bulls on relief, Alaca Hoytik. Source: H. Kantor, "A 'Syro-Hittite 1 Treasure in the Oriental Institute Museum~," Journal of Near Eastern Studies, Vol. XVI, ~3, July, 1957, . r F1gure t:>. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 49 16. Drawing of niotifs on ivory plaque, Negiddo. Source: H. Frankfort, The Art and Architecture of the Ancient Orient, London, Penguin Books, 1970, Figure 274. • • • . • . • • • • • • • • • 51 17. Sculptured Shrine, Iflatun Punar. Source: E. Akurgal, The Art of the Hittites, New York, Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 1962, Plate XXI. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 52 18. Imamkulu rock sculpture. Source: H. Frankfort, The Art and Architecture of the Ancient Orient, London, Penguin Books, 1970, Figure 273. • . • • . • • • • • • • . 58 19. Lion Gate, Boghazkoy. Source: E. Akurgal, The Art of the Hittites New York, Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 1962, Plate XVI. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 67 20. Fragment of clay rhyton from Alishar (Fig. a.). Source: E. Akurgal, The Art of the Hittites, New York, Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 1962, Plate ~.1. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 69 Fig. (b) Detail of Lion's head, Boghazkoy. Source: H. Frankfort, The Art and Architecture of the Anc4ent Orient, London, Penguin Books, 1970, Figure 256. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 69 viii Plates and Sources (continued) Plate Page 21. Lion Gate Figure, Boghazkoy. Source: E. Akurgal, The Art of the Hittites, New York, Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 1962, Plate XVII. 71 22. Fig. (a) Ivory bull-man, Fig. (b) Seated ivory sphinx, both from the Pratt Collection. Source: Christiane Decamps de Mertzenfeld, Inventaire commente des Ivoires Pheniciens et .apparentes :d·&couverts dans le Proche-Orient, Paris, E. de Boccard, 1954, Figures 1081, 1088. 72 23. Ivory lions and lion-demon. Source: Prudence 0. Harper, 11 Dating a Group of Ivories from Anatolia," Connoisseur, Vol. 172, #693, November, 1969, Plate 3. • • • • • 73 24. Fig. (a:) Old Hittite sealing from Boghazkoy. Fig. (b) Section of ivory plaque from Megiddo. Source: J.V. Canby, "The Walters Gallery Cappadocian Tablet and the Sphinx in Anatolia in the Second Hillennium B.C.," Journal of Near Eastern Studies, Vol. 34, #4, October, 1975, Figures 13 and 14. • • • • • • • • • • • • • 81 25. Ivories from AcemhoyUk. Source: N. Ozgu9, "Excavations at Acemhoyllk," Anadolu, Vol. 10, 1966, Plate XIX. • • . • • 83 26. Fig. (a) Ivory female sphinx plaque, Pratt Collection. Source: Christiane Decamps de Mertzenfeld, Inventaire commente des Ivoires Pheniciens et ~pParentes d§couverts dans le Proche-Orient, Paris, E. de Boccard, 1954, Figure 1089. • • 86 Fig. (b) Carved ivory horn, Ras Shamra. Source: C.F.A. Schaeffer, "Les Fouilles de Ras Shamra-Ugarit Quinzieme, Seizieme et Dix­ Septieme Campagnes,(l951, 1952 et 1953)," Syria, Vol. XXXI, 1954, Figure 9. • • • • • • • • • 86 ix Plates and Sources (continued) Plate Page 27. Gate Sphinxes, Alaca HoyUk... •' Source: E. Akurgal, The Art of the Hittites, New York, Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 1962, Plate 88. • • • • . • • • • • . • • • . • • • • . • 88 28. Sphinx Gate Figure from Yerkapi (West). Source: E. Akurgal, The Art of the Hittites, New York, Barry N. Abrams, Inc., 1962, Plate 6 7. 90 29. Sphinx Gate Figure from Yerkapi (East). Source: E. Akurgal, The Art of the Hittites, New York, Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 1962, Plate 66.~. 91 30. Lion with bull victim, Alaca Hoyuk.• # It Source: E. Akurgal, The Art of the Hittites, New York, Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 1962, Plate, 91. 99 31. Double-headed eagle with hares, Alaca HoyUk Source: E. Akurgal, The P~t of the Hittites, New York, Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 1962, Plate, 88. 100 32 •. Ivory Falcon and victims, Pratt Collection. Source: Prudence 0. Harper, "Dating a Group of Ivories from Anatolia,"