Index Adrar des Iforas 4–5, 13, 16, 21, 38, 173, 230, Coiled-reed mat (basketry) 73, 101, 260, 305, Donkey (Equus asinus) 24, 146, 236, 240, 412–3 217–8, 242 259, 261, 400–1 Agadez 105, 108 Coin(s)/coinage v, xii–iii, 3, 8, 12, 20, 174–5, Dupuy, C. xi, xiii, 19, 38, 49–50, 413 Agate 168–71, 173, 221–3, 257–8, 260–1 178, 182, 184–7, 200, 203–8, 257, 260–1, Aghmat 276 264–5, 271, 274–5, 277–80, 379–85, 387, Echinochloa 241, 244–6, 249–50, 252, Akumbu 236 389–90, 392, 411, 414, 417 259–61, 404 Al-Bakri v, 3, 12, 20, 46–8, 102, 114, 116, 174–5, Coin-mould(s) 170, 174–9, 182–5, 187, 200, Eggshell 169, 227–33, 258–61, 412, 419 185–7, 220, 222–3, 238, 241, 250–1, 207, 257–9, 262, 274, 278, 413, 417–9 Egypt(ian) 7, 124, 156–7, 167–8, 173, 207, 231, 263–5, 268–9, 271–2, 274, 279, 283 Copper xii, 7–9, 162, 167, 175, 178–9, 183–5, 237, 268, 277, 393–4, 411, 418–9 Algeria(n) 8–9, 13, 21, 46–7, 49, 113, 119, 188–90, 194, 197, 199, 201–5, 207–8, EOM (Escadrillon d’Outre Mer) 16, 22, 123–4, 232, 235, 247 211–5, 217, 220, 257–62, 264, 275–6, 279, 27–30, 32, 36–7, 55, 102–4, 106–7, 116, Almeria 44 370–1, 373, 376–92, 414, 418 287 Almoravid (or Almoravide) 9, 12, 186, Coral 160, 169, 171, 173, 257, 261, 276 EPMA (Electron Probe Microanalysis) 207–8, 238, 264–5, 270–2, 275, 278, 284, Cornelian (or Carnelian) 168–9, 173, 415 165–6, 385, 387–9 390–2, 412, 414, 417–8 Cortier, M. 16, 412 Essouk (selected entries) (see also entries for Al-Muhallabi 12, 172, 285 Cotton (Gossypium) 3, 7, 96, 219–20, 241–2, ‘Tadmekka’) Al-ʿUmari 12–13, 46, 241, 251, 266, 285 244–5, 247–52, 259–60, 277, 283, 285, Abandoned 1980s project xi Al-Waraq 12, 263, 268–9 380–1, 406, 415, 417, 419 Aerial photographs xi–iii, 5, 16, 22, Al-Zuhri 12, 220, 264–5, 272, 284, 397 Couscousiere 134, 251, 259, 316 27–32, 35–7, 55, 102–7, 116, 287 Andalusia(n) 3, 44, 48 Cowrie 207, 216–7, 257, 259–60, 264, 276 Clandestine excavations 108 Association d’Essouk 19 Cr-1 (‘fine knotted cord roulette’ pottery Date range of Arabic inscriptions in Audaghust (or Awdaghust, Aoudaghost) (see decoration type) 94, 96, 98, 100, 127–128, Essouk cemeteries 41–42 also entries for ‘Tegdaoust’) 11–2, 18, 103, 134–9, 149–51, 261, 328–9, 333–4, Date range of Arabic inscriptions in 186–7, 232, 251, 264, 268, 271, 274, 279, 336–41, 343, 345–6, 349, 353–4 Essouk cliffs 42–43 283 Cr-4 (‘folded strip roulette’ pottery Epigraphic identification with Azawagh 149, 411–2 decoration type) 127–128, 134, 136, Tadmekka 45 Azelik (see also entries for ‘Takedda’) 10, 18, 146–7, 328–9, 333–4, 336–7, 339–41, ‘Essouk Ornamental Kufic’ 48, 299–300 105, 110, 124, 144, 149, 207, 411 343, 345–6, 350 Essouk in Tuareg traditions 13–16 Cressier, P. xiii, 13, 18, 20, 94, 101, 105, ‘Essouk Festival’ 13–14, 19 Balanos (Balanites aegyptiaca, the ‘desert 108–10, 124, 143, 149, 207, Etymology of the place name 45–46 date’) 241, 244–5, 248–9, 251–2, 261, 406 230, 411–2 Excavated periodisation sequence 97 Banco 61, 64, 66, 68, 70, 74–6, 78, 101, 110–1, Crucible 145, 152, 158, 160, 166–7, 172, 174–5, Location 10, 21 113–4, 256, 260, 305 177–90, 193–5, 199–202, 208, 257, Oldest dated text in West Africa 48, 299, Banu Tanmak (or Banu Tanamak) 46, 48, 259–60, 264, 274, 276–8, 280, 367, 302–3 283 369, 374–6, 389, 411–3, 418–9 Past research 16–19 Bauxite 169–71, 173, 222, 258–9, 261 CWSGI (‘cord-wrapped stick grid impressed’ Radiocarbon dates 96 Brass 213, 215, 269, 279, 385–92 pottery decoration type) 95–6, 127, 129, Site protection 19 Brégy, A. 299, 302–3 132, 134, 136–7, 139–43, 145–7, 149–50, Summary of stratigraphy, chronology, and Bronze 207, 383, 385–6, 391–2, 412 259–61, 265, 329–30, 333–5, 337–41, phasing (Tab. 22.1) 256 343–4, 346–8, 354 Summary of excavated material culture Camel (Camelus dromedarius) and subsistence evidence (Tab. 22.2) 3, 8–10, 12–13, 15, 24, 38, 108, 146, 158, Dagger (see also entries for ‘sword’) 201, 257–8 213, 236–7, 239–40, 259, 273, 275–6, 279, 204, 208–9, 258, 261, 389 UNESCO ‘Tentative’ listing 19 284–6, 400–1, 414, 419 Damas (silk type) 220, 393–7 Carinated (pottery form) Date (Phoenix dactylifera) Fatimid 10, 123, 157, 187, 269, 275, 394 133–4, 327–8 7, 241, 244–5, 248–52, 261, 406 Fustat 157, 167–8, 172 Cemetery xi, 4, 19, 27, 29, 34–8, 41–4, 47–9, Datum point 56, 58, 83, 90 51, 103–4, 108, 110, 263–4, 267, 270, 273, De Gironcourt, G. xi, xiii, 16, 34, 41, 412 Gao (or Kawkaw) v, 3, 9–13, 16, 18, 41–2, 44, 279, 287–298 Dia 9–11, 125, 127, 143–5, 234–5, 239, 245–7, 47–9, 102, 113, 144–7, 157–8, 167–8, 170, Chariot(s) (depiction in rock-art) 17–8, 38, 411, 416–8 172, 186–7, 207, 220–1, 223, 226, 235–6, 413 Dichroic (glass type) 161–2, 164–5, 170, 172, 239, 245, 251, 260, 265, 268–71, 273–5, Chicken (Gallus gallus) 230, 232, 238, 240, 257, 261, 361 277, 280, 283–6, 412–5, 417–8 259, 400–1, 413, 415 Dinar(s) v, 3, 20, 174, 185–6, 207, 274–5, Garamantes/Garamantian 7–8, 230, 415, 418 China/Chinese 99, 120–1, 123–4, 144–5, 283–5 Garnet 22–3, 258 220, 257, 259, 265, 276, 393–4, 398–9, DNPC (Direction Nationale de Patrimoine Gautier, E. 16, 34, 413 414 Culturel) xi–xii, 19–20, 57 Ghana v, 3, 9–12, 18, 102, 144, 187, 220, 223, Cloth/clothes/clothing 3, 38, 207, 217, 220, Dog (Canis familiaris) 236–40, 259–61, 265, 268–9, 273–5, 283–6, 390, 411, 414–5, 276, 283–5, 397–8 271–72, 400–1, 412 417 Index 421 Gold v, 3, 7–10, 12, 20, 142, 152, 157–60, Latrine 84, 86, 256, 306 Pre-Islamic 7–9, 16–7, 37, 50, 105, 173, 207, 166–7, 170, 172, 174–189, 199–203, 207–8, Lead 167–8, 178–9, 184, 188, 197, 199, 203, 226, 230, 255, 270–1, 280, 413 217, 226, 232, 241, 257–60, 262–65, 269, 260, 378, 384–91 273–80, 283–6, 377, 384, 386–7, 392, Lhote, H. 16, 415 Qibla 37, 108, 110, 284 411–5, 417–9 LIA (Lead Isotope Analysis) 188, 190, 197, Qingbai (Chinese porcelain) 99–100, Gold-weight 186–7, 207, 226, 258, 260, 413 203, 385, 389–92 120–21, 124, 144, 257, 259, 265, 276 Grave 91, 256, 260–1 Linseed (Linum usitatissimum) 241, 248–9, 252, 261, 411 Radiocarbon/AMS xii–iii, 55, 57–8, 60–1, 76, Hajj (see also entries for ‘pilgrimage’) 271, Lustreware 123 81, 84, 86, 92, 94–101, 241, 246–8 417 Rock-art (or petroglyphs) xi, xiii, 4, 6, 16–9, Heavy minerals (associated with gold Mali (Empire of) 9–10, 12–3, 220, 266, 270, 27, 32, 37–9, 48, 230, 262, 270, 411 processing) 177, 179, 182–4, 187 273–4, 279, 285–6, 392, 416 Rome/Roman 8, 120, 156, 248, 391–2, 413, Herodotus 18 Market xi, 3–4, 9, 11–2, 15, 18–20, 34, 38, 418–9 HLHA (High-lime-high-alumina) (bead glass 43–7, 50–1, 102, 106, 108, 144, 186, 217, Ruby-red glass 153, 156, 158, 357 type) 167, 170, 367, 369 262–4, 269–72, 279–80, 283, 285, 411 Horse (Equus caballus) 38, 215, 236, 249, Mauny, R. xi, xiii, 13, 16–8, 22, 27–30, 32, Sandal (depiction in rock-art) 39 260, 276, 284–5, 400–1 34–6, 38, 56, 102–4, 106–8, 110, 149, 207, Seating platform 75–7, 111, 113–4, 256, 260, 287, 411, 415–6 265 Ibadi/Ibadite 12, 46–7, 51, 113, 174, 187, 238, Mecca v, 3, 12–3, 18, 35, 43–8, 51, 102, 108, Sedrata 113, 419 262–4, 268–9, 271, 275, 284, 413, 418 263–4, 270–1, 273, 279, 283, 285, 417 SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy – Ibn Hammad 12, 285 Méma 141, 145, 236, 419 including SEM-EDS and ESEM) 141–3, Ibn Hawqal 12–3, 46, 48, 241, 251, 262–3, Mercury 184, 412 145, 165–6, 168, 177–9, 181–3, 188, 190, 268–9, 271–3, 283, 415 Middle Niger 126, 141, 144, 239–40, 251, 258, 228, 230–1, 241, 243, 246–8, 385, 387, 411 Ibn Khaldoun 13, 286 262, 415–7 Semolina 73, 242, 246, 251, 260 Idnan pastoralists 19 Mihrab 35, 37, 47, 108 Sijimasa 10, 238, 268–9, 280, 283–4, 286, 417 IFAN (Institut Fondamental d’Afrique Mission Culturelle d’Essouk 19 Silk (see also entries for ‘Damas’) 218–20, Noire) 16, 41, 412, 416 Morocco 9, 12, 47, 167, 172, 187, 264, 266, 276, 257, 259, 261, 265, 276, 393–99 Imashagen (or Imazwaghan) 13, 272, 283 285–6, 389–90, 392 Silver 179, 183, 186, 203, 206–8, 217, 257, India(n) 167–8, 172–3, 193–4, 201, 276, 412, Mosque 4, 32–4, 56, 58, 83, 108–10, 155, 158, 260, 265, 274–7, 279–80, 379–90, 392, 415, 418 232, 263, 270, 273, 279, 292–94, 355 413, 419 Ineslemen 14, 272–3 Mud-brick 68, 72–3, 111, 113, 255, 260 Slave(s)/Slavery 3, 7–10, 12, 105, 107, 135, 144, Ingot 185–7, 194, 201, 205, 213–5, 258, 274, Musalla 37, 108, 110, 116, 270, 273 147, 186, 208, 232, 238, 262, 268–9, 276, 374, 388, 391–2 274–7, 285, 413–4, 418 ISH (Institut des Sciences Humaines, Mali) Niger Bend 140, 143–7, 187, 239–40, 258, 262, Songhay (cultural/linguistic group) 46, 135, xii, 19, 145, 416 275, 412 144, 271, 302, 417 Nigeria(n) 167–68, 170, 172, 194, 278, 393, Songhay (Empire) 9–10, 16, 251, 411, 415 Jasper 169–71, 173, 222, 258–9, 261 399, 414–5, 419 Sorghum Jenné-jeno 7, 9–11, 125, 143–5, 234–5, 238–9, Nomad(ic) 7–9, 12–3, 15, 21, 34, 50, referred to within Arabic histories 3, 243–5, 251, 415–6 107, 234, 266–7, 270, 272–3, 140, 241, 251, 283, 285 Junhan 16, 42, 51 285, 415 within potsherd fabric 140–3, 241, 245, Norris, H.