. -- Headquarters, Department of the Army Department of the Army Pamphlet 27-50-232 March 1992 Table of Contents Articles The Civil Rights Act of 1991.. ........................................................................................... 3 Captain Michael 3. Davidson Mootness: The Unwritten Rule for Rejecting Equal Employment Opportunity Complaints. ....................................... I1 Captain Charles E. Hernicz Practical Problems of Sobriety Checkpoints. .............................................................................. I5 Caprain Mark E. Piepmeier USALSA Report.. ........................................................................................................ 22 United States Army Legal Services Agency The Advocate for Military Defense Counsel DAD Notes ......................................................................................................... 22 Discovery, Due Process,and Due Diligence: The Process That Is Due May Depend on What the Defense Counsel Has Done; Disciplining Children Without Getting Slapped With a Court- Martial; Article 134 Catches Some Misconduct, Not All of It; “Expert” Testimony in Child Abuse Cases-Commenting on Credibility; When Willful Disobedience Becomes Breaking Restriction: *‘I Order You Not to Violate My Order!” Clerk of Court Notes.. .................................................................................................. 28 Court-Martial Processing Times: Cases Down, but Processing Time Increases; Court-Martial and f Nonjudicial Punishment Rates; Military Justice Statistics, FY 1989-1991 TJAGSA Practice Notes ................................................................................................... 31 Instructors, The Judge Advocate General’s School Criminal Law Notes.. ................................................................................................... 31 Federal Sentencing Guidelines: Judge Who Intends to Depart Sua Sponte from Sentencing Range Must Notify Both Parties; Posttrial Agreements Inevitably Lead to Disagreements; United States v. Bibo-Rodrlguez- When May COUIIS Admit Evidence of Subsequent Misconduct in Criminal /r“ Proceedings? International Law Note ......................................................................................... 36 Operational Law (OPLAW)handbook Under Revision Contract Law Note ...................................................................................................... 37 Fiscal Law Update: Fuhding of Reprocurement Contracts Policy Revised Legal Assistance Items .................................................................................................. 37 American Bar Association-Legal Assistance for Military Personnel Committee Continuing Legal Education Seminars; Family Law Note (Use of Liens to Enforce Child Support Obligations); Survivor Benefits (Survivor Benefit Plan-Open Enrollment Period); Tax Notes (Corrections to IRS Publications; New IRS Publications; Deductibility of Home Mortgage Points) rc. Administrative and Civil Law Note.. ........... ...................................................................... 42 ' Digest of Opinion of The Judge Advocate Gen Official Use of Government Motor Vehicles) Claims Report ............................................................... ........ .......... 42 United Slates Army Claims Service Analysis of the Joint Military-Industry Memorandum of Understanding on Loss and Damage Rules; Military-Industry Memorandum of Understanding on Loss and Damage Rules; Management Note Labor and Employment Law Notes ......................................................................................... 48 QTJAG Labor and Einployrnent Law Office and TJAGSA Administrative and Civil LQW Division Disciplining Sexual Harassers; Enhancement of Attorneys' Fees: No More?; Drinking Does Not Excuse Misconduct; MSPB Closely Scrutinizes Charge of Theft; Drug Use Charge Requires Chain of Custody Criminal Law Division Note ............................................................................................... 51 OTJAG Crirninal Law Division State Compensation for Victims of Crime Lieutenanr Colonel Warren G. Foote Professional Responsibility Notes ............ -................................................... ^....................... ' 54 OTJAG Standards of Conduct Ofice Ethical Awareness, Case Summaries Guard and Reserve Affairs Item8..............................................................,........................... 55 Judge Advocate Guard and Reserve Affairs Departinent, TJAGSA Quotas for JATT and JAOAC for AY 1992; United States Army Reserve Tenured JAGC Positions CLE News ......................................................................................................... Current Material of Interest .............................................................................................. 61 P The Army Lawyer (ISSN 0364-1287) Editor Captain Benjamin T. 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Charlottesville, VA 22903-1781. The Civil Rights Act of 1991 Captain Michael J. Davidson Litigation Division, OTJAG Introduction attorneys to take discrimination cases7 and reduces the incentive for settlement,e which will lead to further On November 21, 1991, President George Bush signed delays in bringing cases to trial.9 the Civil Rights Act of 1991.1 This new legislation was designed to strengthen the bamers and sanctions against This article does not address all the provisions of the employment discrimination2 and to respond to the recent Civil Rights Act of 1991. Instead, it focuses on only Supreme Court decision in Wards Cove Packing Co. v. those provisions that impact directly on discrimination Afonio.3 It significantly altered two federal discrimination complaints against the Army. The author will highlight statutes-the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Title VII) and the the salient provisions of the new legislation and will Rehabilitation Act of 1973.4 Noticeably absent from the attempt to clarify its parameters. new legislation, however, was any substantive change to the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA).5 Damages Most important from a federal defensive litigation per­ Before the enactment of the Civil Rights Act of 1991, spective, the new legislation altered the law of disparate federal employees could not recover compensatory or impact. It provides for additional remedies and-in some punitive damages in a Title VI110 or handicap discrimina­ circumstances-a jury trial in suits against the United tion suit.11 In the 1991 Act, Congress maintained the pro­ States, increases the statutory time limit for filing suit, hibition against punitive damages,lz but cracked the door and alters the “mixed motive” defense. Army attorneys ajar to recovery of compensatory damages. can expect litigation to increase as the courts struggle to determine the legislation’s limitations and its Federal employees suing under Title VII” or the applicability to the federal government.6 Furthermore, the Rehabilitation Act of 197314 now may recover up to Act increases the financial incentive for plaintiff’s $300,00015 in compensatory damages for “future pecuni­ ’Pub. L. 102-166, 105 Stat. 1071. The Senate passed the new legislation on October 30, and the House passed the Senate bill on November 7. 137 Cong Rec. S15,503 (daily ed. Oct. 30, 1991); id. at H9557 (daily ed. Nov. 7, 1991). Weorge H.W. Bush, Statement by the President (Nov. 21, 1991). ’490 US.642 (1989); see Civil Rights Act of 1991 9 3, 105 Stat. at 1071. 442 U.S.C. 89 2000e to 2000e-17 (1988); 29 U.S.C. 95 791, 794a. ’29 U.S.C. 88 621-634 (1988). The 1991 Civil Rights Act’s only change