HISTORY GEOGRAPHY Social Studies for Pakistan CIVICS 8 Know Your World Teaching Guide KHADIJA CHAGLA-BAIG A C O M P R E H E N S I V E C O U R S E F O R S E C O N D A R Y CL AS SES 1 History Chapter 1 The Decline of the Mughals 01 Chapter 2 The Marathas and The Sikhs 06 Chapter 3 European Colonization of the Subcontinent 12 Chapter 4 The British East India Company 18 Chapter 5 The British Raj 23 Chapter 6 The Subcontinent after the War of Independence 31 Geography Chapter 7 The Atmosphere 38 Chapter 8 All About Winds 44 Chapter 9 Climatic Zones and the Wildlife 49 Chapter 10 Conservation of Natural Resources 53 Chapter 11 Population 57 Chapter 12 Some Major Urban Centres of the World 62 Chapter 13 Transport and Communication 64 Civics Chapter 14 The Value of Knowledge and Teachers 69 Chapter 15 Dealing with Negative Feelings 72 Chapter 16 Positive Thinking and Values 75 Chapter 17 Human Rights 77 Answer Key 80 1 iii iv 1 HISTORY CHAPTER 1 The Decline of the Mughals Discussion points All civilizations and empires ultimately end or merge into others. The Mughal Empire was no different. There were many reasons that led to its weakening and the final takeover by the British. However, it was not an overnight process. Signs of weakening began by the end of the 17th century. Many states broke away from the empire and became independent. Intrigues and rebellions by previously suppressed groups surged beyond control. Inconsistent policies and religious intolerance created unrest among the masses and worsened the situation. A string of incompetent and selfish rulers created instability and lack of confidence in the Mughal rulers. The empire completely collapsed in 1858. AnsWer KeY Content review A 1. Bahadur Shah A 2. Muhammad Shah—29 years A 3. The British A 4. Rebellions and power tussles, incompetent rulers, Nadir Shah’s invasion, arrival of the British and their schemes to spread their rule limited his rule to Delhi, later stripped him of his powers as an emperor, deposed and exiled him to Burma, deprived him of a state burial. Believed him to be the perpetrator behind the Mutiny Going further The couplet used as reference in lesson plan three can be used as a clue to help answer this question. Challenge! Five Lesson Plans Number of lessons: 4 Duration: 40 minutes Resources: textbook 1 1 HISTORY Lesson 1—Looking back at the later Mughals Teaching Objective: • To inform students about the later Mughals Learning Outcome: • Students must be able to understand the role of later Mughals in the downfall of the empire. Introduction (10 minutes): Ask students what they remember from the last book. For the benefit of those who have not read Book 7, give a brief recap of the Mughals from Babar to Aurangzaib. Use students as prompters, encourage them to take down short notes and points. Discuss vocabulary words. Explanation (25 minutes): Reading and parallel explanation from text. Talk about how the Mughal Empire ran into trouble at the hands of not only rivals and rebels but also because of the incompetence of their own rulers. As a result, they were either killed or became puppets in the hands of their enemies and opportunists. This gave a chance to Sikhs, Marathas, Rajputs, and others to seize the day and weaken the empire. Study the table showing Aurangzaib’s successors and the list of problems faced by them. Ask students what ‘virtual kingmakers’ means. Explain the role of the Sayyid brothers as kingmakers and their contribution in reducing the importance and authority of Mughal kings. Conclusion (5 minutes): Recap and review the lesson highlighting the main ideas. Answer student queries, if any. Class work: None Homework: Questions 1 to 4 of Content review Lesson 2—Major events in the Mughal Empire after Aurangzaib’s death Teaching Objectives: • To familiarize students with the problems later Mughal rulers had to face • To describe the major tide-turning events in the Mughal Empire during the 18th century • To explain the downfall of the Mughal Empire Learning Outcome: • Students must be able to describe the events that led to the weakening and fall of the empire. Introduction (10 minutes): Recap previous lesson. Ask students questions from the previous lesson. Write down key points on the board. Link them to the series of events in the timeline as an introduction. Explanation (25 minutes): Reading and parallel explanation from text. Go over each event and year point by point. Talk about the cause and effect of each event, and its overall impact on the 2 1 HISTORY Mughal Empire. Ask students to analyse and describe the impact each event must have had on the people and on the functioning and the image of the empire. Conclusion (5 minutes): Recap and review the lesson highlighting the main ideas. Answer student queries, if any. Homework: Give students the following couplet and ask them to (a) find the name of the poet, (b) bring the remaining couplets of the poem. Na kisi ki aankh ka nur hoon, na kisi ke dil ka qarar hoon Jo kisi ke kaam na aa sakay, main woh aik musht-e-ghubar hoon Lesson 3—The last Mughal Emperor and the end of the Mughal rule Teaching Objectives: • To introduce Bahadur Shah Zafar as the last Mughal emperor and describe his plight • To provide a background for the British rule in India Learning Outcomes: Students should be able to: • describe the strengths and weaknesses of Bahadur Shah Zafar • explain the reasons for the consolidation of British rule in India Introduction and explanation (10 minutes): Ask students about the name of the poet and discuss the poem that was given for homework in the previous lesson. Talk about the helplessness and suffering that the poet talks about. Can they imagine a king of the Mughal Empire reduced to such a plight? Tell them that the poet is Sirajuddin Bahadur Shah Zafar himself—the last Mughal emperor. Discuss the events during his time and the consolidation of British rule. Conclusion (5 minutes): Preparatory talk for the next lesson: tell students that they will be studying the roles of Marathas and the Sikhs who helped the British to establish themselves on the ‘Throne of Delhi.’ Instructions (5 minutes): Explain the questions to students. Address any queries. Class work (20 minutes): Write down answers to questions given in Content review. Lesson 4—Written work Teaching Objective: • To reinforce the knowledge of events leading to the end of the Mughal Empire, through written work Learning Outcome: • Students should be able to answer correctly. Instructions (5 minutes): Explain the format of the worksheet to students. Address any queries. Class work: 35 minutes 1 3 HISTORY WORKSHEET Date: Name: Q 1. Choose the correct answer. a. Which of the following emperors gave permission to the British to trade with India? (Akbar, Shahjahan, Jahangir) b. The first twenty years of Aurangzaib were . (fruitful, frightening, peaceful) c. The Sayyid Brothers were influential (ministers, generals, advisors) of the army. (Mughal, British, Maratha) d. Bahadur Shah Zafar was accused of being the (peacemaker, instigator, negotiator) in the War of Independence of 1857. Q 2. Which phrase from the text indicates the power of the Sayyid brothers? Q 3. What were Bahadur Shah’s interests? Q 4. Why do you think he was called a passive king? Q 5. Who are the following people and what role did they play in the fall of the Mughal Empire? a. Banda Bahadur 4 1 HISTORY b. Ahmad Shah Abdali c. Mohammad Shah 1 5 HISTORY CHAPTER 2 The Marathas and the sikhs Discussion points The Marathas and the Sikhs need to be studied in detail as they played an instrumental role in the downfall of the Mughals. The subcontinent has always been home to many religions at the same time. Hinduism, Islam, and Sikkhism are the major faiths in this region. Rulers like Akbar did not only show religious tolerance but also went out of their way to favour other religions in order to maintain peace and promote harmony in the region. On the contrary, Aurangzaib dealt with non-Muslims very strictly. In addition, troublemakers like the Maratha leaders of the Bhosle dynasty continuously created problems because they believed themselves to be the true people of the land. They considered the Mughals to be outsiders and invaders. However, even the Hindus feared the Marathas just like the Muslims did. On the other hand, Sikkhism, a comparatively new religion, began and strengthened during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Founded by Guru Nanak, Sikkhism is described to be a fusion of tenets from Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism. Sikhs created trouble for the Mughals when they rallied for Jahangir’s son Khusro Mirza against him. In order to quell the insurgency, Jahangir killed their leader Guru Arjun Singh. The Sikhs swore revenge and did not let the Mughal emperors live in peace until the empire was finally defeated by the British. AnsWer KeY Content review A 1. South of India A 2. Ahmad Shah Abdali’s war against them, civil wars, death of Nana Farnavis A 3. Akbar A 4. Amritsar Going further a. brave, ruthless, hostile, clever warriors who could go to any lengths to win battles and wars (i) helped them win, conquer land, establish rule, create fear in people (ii) they became overconfident and resorted to unnecessary killing and looting; this enraged other stronger rulers who finally crushed their strength. b. Open-ended question Challenge! Option 1: A powerful kingdom or empire 6 1 HISTORY Lesson Plans Number of lessons: 3 Duration: 40 minutes Resources: textbook Lesson 1—The Marathas Teaching Objectives: • To describe the uprisings against the Mughals • To describe the Marathas’ role in the downfall of the empire • To identify the reasons that led to the Marathas downfall Learning Outcomes: Students must be able to: • describe Maratha sentiments and temperament • identify the reasons that led to the rise and fall of the Marathas • explain the role of Marathas in the fall of the Mughals Introduction (10 minutes): Ask students what they remember about the Bhonsles from the previous years—Shahji, Shivaji, and Shambhaji.