Modern archi ec ure "ee # ne$ educa ion Renaa Braem%# desi&n and he Br!##e'# (ecro') #choo' (1+,6- .R/(/RI0 H/RM2N1 (oc or o3 /d!ca iona' 4cience# 5 0a ho'ie6e 7ni8ersi ei Le!8en 2NG/L9 :2N G9R;2 2##ocia e ;ro3e##or 5 0a ho'ie6e 7ni8ersi ei Le!8en .R2N014IM9N .!'' ;ro3e##or 5 Ghen 7ni8er#i ) BR7N91:2N9BB/RG/N G!e# ;ro3e##or 5 Ghen 7ni8er#i ) M2RC1(/;2/;/ <<<<<<<<<<< .!'' ;ro3e##or 5 4!=-fac!' ) o3 ;#)cho'o&) and /d!ca iona' 4cience# *0ortri>6- 1. (/4IGN12;9TH/94I4 IN TH/ H/2RT19. B/LGI2N1/(7C2TI9N2L R/N/?2L 2 nu"ber of a"bi iou# and innova iona' p'ans $ere #6e ched in he cour#e of he1 $en ie h cen ur) 3or L%@cole (ecrol) '%/r"i a&e, a progre##i8e #choo' 3or Anor"a'A chi'dren 3ounded in 1907 =) 98ide (ecro') *1CB1-1932).3 2"on& 1. .rederi6 Her"an $a# a re#earch a##i# an a he Centre for the History of Education (Katholieke Universiteit Leuven). .or he pa# 3o!r )ear#, he ha# $orked on hi# ;h( he#i# on #choo' c!' !re*#- in he $en ie h cen !r) in Be'&i!". Thi# pro>ec con#i# ed o3 3o!r "ain ca#e # !die#D he app'ica ion o3 #choo' re&!'a ion# and he p!ni i8e "ea#!re#E he !#e o3 #choo' no e=oo6#E he %"o!'din&% o3 he #choo' archi ec !re =) he eachers and he archi ec # and, 3ina''), he de8e'op"en o3 he #choo' de#6 and he 3ea#i=i'i ) o3 he di33eren de#i&n#. The re#earch $a# #!pervi#ed =) ;ro3e##or (r. Marc (epaepe and ;ro3e##or (r. 2n&e'o :an Gorp, and $a# cond!c ed in c'o#e coopera ion $i h ;ro3e##or (r. .ran6 4i"on. 2. Corre#pondence concernin& hi# artic'e #ho!'d =e addre##ed o .rederi6 HermanD .rederi6.Her"anFho "ai'.co"E 2n&e'o :an GorpD 2n&e'o.:anGorpFped.6!'e!8en.=eE .ran6 4i"onD 3ran6.#i"onF!&en .=eE Br!no :ano==ergenD =runo.8ano==er&enF!&en .=e or o Marc (epaepeD Marc.(epaepeF6!'e!8en-kortri>6.=e 3. (ecro'), a Be'&ian ne!ro'o&i# and p#)chia ri# , i# pri"ari') 6no$n a# an ed!ca iona' re3or"er, 3or he de8e'oped hi# o$n ed!ca iona' "e hod and i# con#idered o =e one o3 he pioneer# o3 he Ne$ /d!ca ion .e''o$#hip. 4 artin& 3ro" cri ici#" on he Ao'd #choo'A, and con#iderin& ha a chi'd o=#erve# hin&# &'o=a''), he pre#en ed he #!=>ec "a er no in BTNG | RBHC, XLI, 2011, 1-2, pp. 135-166 he" $ere he 1946 plans of archi ec # Renaa Brae" *1910-2001) and Jac6 4okol *1911-1977) and he 1972 de#i&n of he Groupe Brederode *c3. .i&ure 1)., The 'a er de#i&n da e# bac6 o he period in $hich he #choo', 'oca ed on he edge o3 Ter6a"erenbos in 766e' *#outh of Br!##e'#-, $a# hrea ened $i h expropria ion beca!#e of he plans o expand he Br!##e'# Ring.5 2 hi# i"e, archi ec # /""anue' de Ca''a a), Miche' La") and Geor&e# :ranc6K $ere a$are of he po##i='e #a'e of unde8e'oped 'and in 766e'. The) 3ir# #6e ched a de#i&n 3or a re#identia' par6. 9nl) 'a er, in anticipa ion o3 he #earch =) he #choo' admini# ra ion 3or a ne$ 'oca ion and ne$ 3aci'i ie#, he) incorpora ed a pa8i'ion #chool into heir de#i&n. Howe8er, he p'an $a# de8e'oped $i ho! here ha8ing been any cons!' a ion =e $een he" and he #choo' admini# ra ion.6 .or hi# rea#on, $e pu a#ide he plan of he Groupe Brederode and $i'' concentra e on he de#i&n =) Brae" and 4okol. Thi# pro>ec of 1946 a rac ed our a en ion13or a number of rea#on#. .ir# , "oderni# ic #choo' =!i'ding# and de#i&n#, #uch a# he one of Brae" en 4okol, $ere ra her an exception in Be'&i!" in he 1940s. The ri#e o3 Modern 2rchi ec !re during he inter$ar period, $i h he Interna iona' Congre## of Modern 2rchi ec ure a# i # Leni h, unti' hen had )ie'ded 'i 'e "ore in Be'- &i!" han a hand3!' of "odern #choo'# *:erpoe# , 1992; Brae6en, 2009, 3).B Ne8er he'e##, he "odern #choo' cons r!c ion in he #!rrounding countrie# $a# &aLed a in $onder"ent 3rom Be'&i!" a'ready in he hir ie#. Thi# i# #!=>ec # =! in 'arger $ho'e#. The #!=>ec "a er, $hich had o =e proce##ed ac i8e') and eKpre##i8e'), $a# 'in6ed o he #o-ca''ed cen re# o3 in ere# o3 he chi'd, $hich $ere organi#ed aro!nd 3o!r =io'o&ica' need#D he need 3or 3ood, pro ec ion, and de3ence * he#e a'' $en =ac6 o he =a#ic need 3or #e'3-pre#er8a ion), and he in# inc o3 #o'idari ) or he =a#ic need o a##!re he #!rvi8a' o3 one%# o$n #pecie#. .ro" hi# per#pec i8e, "!ch a en ion $a# de8o ed o #ocia' de8e'op"en . The (ecro') Me hod ha# o3 en =een #!""ed !p in he #'o&an Apo!r 'a 8ie, par 'a 8ieA *3or "ore de ai'#, #ee, :an Gorp, 2005). 4. The#e de#i&n dra$in&# are pre#erved in he Centre d'Études Decrolyennes *C/(- and les rchives de l' rchitecture !oderne *22M). 4ince here i# no re'ia='e c'a##i3ica ion #)# e" in he CE(, and 3or he #a6e o3 no =!rdenin& he no e# and &'o##e# !nnece##ari'), $e re3er o he #o!rce# $i h he a==re8ia ion C/( or 22M, he 3i'e na"e, #!pp'e"en ed $i h a i 'e or a de#crip ion o3 he doc!"en , and 5 $here po##i='e 5 he na"e o3 he a! hor and he da e. 5. The ro! e o3 he Rin& $a# re8i#ed in 1+B2 *C/(, 3i'eD Le Rin& 1+B0-. The 1+2B #i e ha# =een re ained !p o he pre#en . 6. In ervie$ $i h /""an!e' de Ca''a a), 1BI03I200+ *0inder"an## raa 5, 1050 Ixe''e#-. 7. Les Con"r#s Internationau% d'Architecture !oderne (CIAM), 3o!nded in 1+2C =) Le Cor=!#ier and o hers, and c'o#ed do$n in 1+5+, $ere in erna iona' p'a 3orm# 3or "odern archi ec # #!ch a# Hendri6 Berla&e, H!&o HMrin&, 2ndrN L!rOa , /rn# Ma), Hanne# Me)er, Lo!i# Her"an (e 0oninc6, and H!i= Ho# e. The 3ir# 3o!r con&re##e# 5 o3 a #erie# o3 en 5 $ere he'd in 1+2C, 1+2+, 1+30, and 1+33 in La 4arraL *4$i Ler'and), .ran63!rt, Bru##e'#, and 2 hen#. G136H.. H/RM2N I 2. :2N G9R; I .. 4IM9N I B. :2NOBB/RG/N I M. (/;2/;/ #hown, 3or eKa"ple, =) he richl) i''!# ra ed pub'ica ion &nder'i(s en Scholenbouw in Bel"i+ en ,ederland */duca ion and 4chool Cons r!c ion in Be'&i!" and he Ne her'ands- o3 1931. In i , he "odern #choo' archi ec !re $a# &rea ') prai#ed, par ic!'ar') he Ne$ ;ra&"a i#", he Ra iona'i#", and he Interna iona' .unc iona'i#" a"on& our nor hern nei&hbour#.C 2 number of i"por an (! ch archi ec # #uch a# Hendri6 ;e r!# Ber'a&e *1856-193,-, ?i''e" Marinus (!do6 *1884-1974), and Jan (!i6er *1890-1935) and heir crea ions, $hich ha8e become &enera'') $e''-6nown, $ere re8ie$ed in de ai'.+ .IG7R/ 1D (/4IGN 9. TH/ GR97;/ BR/(/R9(/ (1+B2- 4econd, he de#i&n i# a'#o # ri6ing 3or i # )polog)E i broke, a# i $ere, 3rom he ='!eprin $hich unti' hen had &uided #choo' cons ruc ion in Be'&i!" *c3. Bur6e, 2010, 655), and $hich had 3ound i # ori&in in he "id-nine een h- cent!r) 'a"ent over he #o"e i"e# $re ched condi ions in $hich educa ion $a# provided. In Be'&i!" and, "ore &enera'') in he ?e# ,10 he 'oca ion, he #iLe, he # )'e, he "a eria'#, he cons ruc ion "e hod, he 'i&hting, he 8. :'aa"#e 9p8oed6!ndi&e :ereni&in& *:9:), &nderwi(s en )cholen*ou' in Bel"i+ en Nederland, 2n $erp, 1+31, pp. 1-C0. 9. 2"on& o hers, Johanne# (!i6er'# &penluchtschool voor het "e-onde kind in 2"# erda" (1+2+-1+30- and he 8ario!# #choo'# in Hi'8ers!" de#i&ned =) ?i''e" (!do6. 10. 4ee, e.&., Barnard *H.), )chool rchitecture, Ne$ Pork, 1C,C, pp. ,0-62. M9(/RN2RCHIT/CT7R/M//T4N/?/(7C2TI9N G13BH hea ing, he 8enti'a ion, a# $e'' a# he #choo' 3!rni#hing#11 $ere de#cri=ed and #peci3ied e8er "ore echnica'') and in e8er "ore de ai' *Ber e'#, 2008, 263-273; :anmeirhae&he, 2006; :erpoe# , 1+92).12 Thi# "e##a&e $a# repea ed 3or a 'ong i"e and 3ur her re3ined in a'' #or # o3 peda&ogica' publica ions.13 The Be'&ian #choo' rea i#e# o3 he nine eenth centur) $ere com"i ed o he de8e'op"ent of "ode' #choo'#, $hich $ere in ended o "a6e1#)# e"a ic1#chool cons ruc ion pos#i='e1*:anmeirhae&he, 2006, 64-.