Prelims-H8022.qxd 10/4/06 4:47 PM Page i The Green Studio Handbook Prelims-H8022.qxd 10/4/06 4:47 PM Page ii DISCLAIMER The information presented in this book has been assembled, derived, and developed from numerous sources including textbooks, standards, guidelines, professional firms, and the Internet. It is presented in good faith. The authors and the publisher have made every reasonable effort to ensure that the information presented herein is accurate; they do not, however, warrant (and assume no responsibility for) its accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any particular purpose or situation. The information is intended primarily as an aid to learning and teaching and not as a definitive source of information for the design of building systems by design professionals. 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Please see the Reed Elsevier website for further information on Reed Elsevier and the environment: http://www.reedelsevier.com/media/pdf/s/8/Environment06.pdf Prelims-H8022.qxd 10/4/06 4:47 PM Page iii The Green Studio Handbook Environmental strategies for schematic design Alison G. Kwok, AIA and Walter T.Grondzik, PE AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON • NEW YORK • OXFORD PARIS • SAN DIEGO • SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO Architectural Press is an imprint of Elsevier Architectural Press Prelims-H8022.qxd 10/4/06 4:47 PM Page iv Architectural Press is an imprint of Elsevier Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP,UK The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, UK 84 Theobald’s Road,London WC1X 8RR, UK Radarweg 29, PO Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands 30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA 525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, CA 92101-4495, USA First edition 2007 Copyright © 2007, Alison G. Kwok and Walter T. Grondzik. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved The right of Alison G. Kwok and Walter T. Grondzik to be identified as the authors of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone (ϩ44) (0) 1865 843830; fax (ϩ44) (0) 1865 853333; email: [email protected]. 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Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Control Number: 2006933206 ISBN-13: 978-0-7506-8022-6 ISBN-10: 0-7506-8022-9 For information on all Architectural Press publications visit our website at www.architecturalpress.com Typeset by Charon Tec Ltd (A Macmillan Company), Chennai, India www.charontec.com Printed and bound in Italy 07080910111110987654321 Prelims-H8022.qxd 10/4/06 4:47 PM Page v CONTENTS Preface vii Acknowledgments ix CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1 CHAPTER 2 Design Process 7 CHAPTER 3 Integrated Design 15 CHAPTER 4 Design Strategies 21 Envelope 23 Insulation Materials 25 Strawbale Construction 31 Structural Insulated Panels 37 Double Envelopes 43 Green Roofs 49 Lighting 55 Daylight Factor 57 Daylight Zoning 63 Toplighting 69 Sidelighting 75 Light Shelves 81 Internal Reflectances 87 Shading Devices 93 Electric Lighting 99 Heating 105 Direct Gain 107 Indirect Gain 113 Isolated Gain 119 Active Solar Thermal Energy Systems 125 Ground Source Heat Pumps 131 Cooling 137 Cross Ventilation 139 Stack Ventilation 145 Evaporative Cool Towers 151 Night Ventilation of Thermal Mass 157 Earth Cooling Tubes 163 Earth Sheltering 169 Absorption Chillers 175 Energy Production 181 Plug Loads 183 Air-to-Air Heat Exchangers 187 Energy Recovery Systems 193 Photovoltaics 197 Wind Turbines 203 Microhydro Turbines 209 Hydrogen Fuel Cells 215 Combined Heat and Power Systems 221 Prelims-H8022.qxd 10/4/06 4:47 PM Page vi vi CONTENTS Water and Waste 227 Composting Toilets 229 Water Reuse/Recycling 233 Living Machines 239 Water Catchment Systems 243 Pervious Surfaces 249 Bioswales 255 Retention Ponds 261 CHAPTER 5 Case Studies 265 Arup Campus Solihull 267 Beddington Zero Energy Development 275 2005 Cornell University Solar Decathlon House 283 Druk White Lotus School 291 Habitat Research and Development Centre 299 The Helena Apartment Tower 309 Lillis Business Complex 315 National Association of Realtors Headquarters 323 One Peking Road 331 Glossary of Terms 337 Glossary of Buildings 351 Bibliography 355 Index 371 Prelims-H8022.qxd 10/4/06 4:47 PM Page vii PREFACE The Green Studio Handbook was written to ser ve as a reference guide and source of inspiration for students in design studios and architects in professional practice. It is f ounded upon the pr emise that there would be more green buildings if the technics of green buildings—the under- lying strategies that save energy, water, and material resources—were more accessible to the designer. The student should find The Green Studio Handbook a useful introduction to green design strategies and the associated green design process.The architect, already convinced of the merits of green building and familiar with design process, can use the Handbook as an accessible supplement to augment his/her basic knowledge of green building strategies. The Green Studio Handbook is not intended to ser ve as a green building checklist, nor as a te xtbook for environmental technology. Instead it pro- vides the necessary information to make judgments about the appropriate use of green strategies and to v alidate design decisions regarding these strategies. It also pr ovides tools f or preliminary sizing of str ategies and their components dur ing the ear ly stages of design. We hope designers will be able to realistically incorporate such strategies in schematic draw- ings. Aesthetics are left to the designer and project context, but examples of strategies are provided to trigger ideas and generate concepts. Each strategy in The Green Studio Handbook includes a description of principle and concept, suggestions for integrating the strategies into a green building design, step-by-step procedures to assist with pr elimi- nary sizing of components,and references to standards and guidelines. Conceptual sketches and e xamples illustrate each str ategy. To further the goal of integrative design, each strategy is linked to relevant com- plementary strategies. The Green Studio Handbook is intended f or use in uni versity design stu- dios and in professional office practice. Astute building owners might also use this book as a w ay of becoming better inf ormed about green design projects. The focus is upon strategies that are of greatest interest to archi- tectural designers; that have the gr eatest impact on b uilding f orm; that must be considered very early in the design pr ocess. The book assumes that users have a basic knowledge of environmental technology concepts and of the design pr ocess and access to con ventional design r esources such as sun path diagr ams, material R-v alues, thermal load calculation information, lighting standards, air quality guidelines, and the like. This page intentionally left blank Prelims-H8022.qxd 10/4/06 4:47 PM Page ix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Similar to the design process, The Green Studio Handbook is very much a collaborative ef fort. There are many people to thank. That said, the authors are ultimatel y responsible f or deciding w hat appears in this book and how information is organized and presented. The internal production crew for this work included Kate Beckle y and Sam Jensen-Augustine.