OFFICIAL Wai 903, A57 THE TAKING OF MAORI LAND FOR PUBLIC WORKS IN THE WHANGANUI INQUIRY DISTRICT: 1850 – 2000 Philip Cleaver A Report Commissioned by the Waitangi Tribunal: September 2004 Table of Contents INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................ 6 CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW OF PUBLIC WORKS TAKINGS OF MAORI LAND WITH REFERENCE TO THE WHANGANUI INQUIRY DISTRICT ............................................................... 10 1.1 INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................................... 10 1.1.1 Public Works Legislation in English Law...................................................................................... 10 1.1.2 Maori Land Tenure and Public Works Principles ......................................................................... 12 1.2 THE APPLICATION OF PUBLIC WORKS PRINCIPLES TO MAORI LAND, 1840-1863 .................................. 14 1.2.1 Whanganui Maori Land and Public Works from 1840 to 1863 ..................................................... 15 1.2.2 Legislative Provisions for Public Works Takings prior to 1863 .................................................... 16 1.3 THE INTRODUCTION OF PUBLIC WORKS PROVISIONS TO MAORI LAND, 1863-64................................... 18 1.3.1 Land Clauses Consolidation Act 1863........................................................................................... 18 1.3.2 Public Works Lands Act 1864........................................................................................................ 19 1.4 THE ‘FIVE PERCENT RULE’ – THE LEGISLATIVE RIGHT TO TAKE A PERCENTAGE OF MAORI LAND WITHOUT COMPENSATION FOR ROAD AND RAIL PURPOSES, 1862-1927 ..................................................... 21 1.4.1 Application of the ‘Five Percent Rule’ to Whanganui Maori Land ............................................... 27 1.5 THE EXTENSION OF GENERAL PUBLIC WORKS LAND-TAKING POWERS TO LOCAL AUTHORITIES, 1860S - 1928............................................................................................................................................................. 29 1.5.1 Early Actions of Whanganui Local Authorities..............................................................................32 1.5.2 Further Public Works Provisions for Local Authorities ................................................................ 34 1.5.3 Issues in Whanganui Case Studies of Local Authority Takings ..................................................... 38 1.6 GENERAL DEVELOPMENTS IN PUBLIC WORKS PROVISIONS, 1870S-1928 .............................................. 40 1.6.1 Immigration and Public Works Act 1870....................................................................................... 41 1.6.2 Public Works Act 1876................................................................................................................... 42 1.6.3 Whanganui Maori Land and Public Works in the 1870s ............................................................... 43 1.6.4 Public Works Act 1882................................................................................................................... 44 1.6.5 Whanganui Maori Land and Public Works in the 1880s ............................................................... 46 1.6.6 Public Works Act 1894................................................................................................................... 49 1.6.7 Public Works Legislation after 1894.............................................................................................. 52 1.6.8 Public Works Provisions in Other Legislation............................................................................... 53 1.6.9 Issues in Whanganui Case Studies from the 1880s to 1928........................................................... 54 1.7 GENERAL PUBLIC WORKS TAKINGS OF MAORI LAND (CENTRAL AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT), 1928-2000 ..................................................................................................................................................................... 61 1.7.1 Public Works Act 1928 and Amendments ......................................................................................62 1.7.2 Public Works Act 1981................................................................................................................... 67 1.8.3 Issues in Whangnaui Case Studies from 1928 to 2000 .................................................................. 70 1.8 CONCLUSION .......................................................................................................................................... 76 CHAPTER 2: SCENIC RESERVES OF THE NORTH ISLAND MAIN TRUNK RAILWAY – RANGIWAEA (1910), WHAKAPAPA GORGE (1911), AND WAIMARINO (1912) ............................ 80 2.1 INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................................... 81 2.2 THE SCENERY PRESERVATION MOVEMENT AND RELATED LEGISLATION .............................................. 82 2.3 SCENIC RESERVES ALONG THE NORTH ISLAND MAIN TRUNK RAILWAY ............................................... 84 2.4 RANGIWAEA SCENIC RESERVE (1910).................................................................................................... 94 2.5 WHAKAPAPA GORGE SCENIC RESERVE (1911) ...................................................................................... 98 2.6 WAIMARINO SCENIC RESERVE (1911).................................................................................................. 103 2.7 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................................................ 112 CHAPTER 3: DEFENCE – WAIOURU TRAINING GROUND TAKINGS (1942 AND 1961)........... 115 3.1 INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................................... 115 2 3.2 THE ESTABLISHMENT OF WAIOURU TRAINING GROUND...................................................................... 115 3.3 THE 1942 TAKING ................................................................................................................................ 119 3.4 FAILURE TO AWARD COMPENSATION FOR THE 1942 TAKING .............................................................. 122 3.5 BACKGROUND TO THE 1961 TAKING.................................................................................................... 125 3.6 THE 1961 TAKING ................................................................................................................................ 148 3.7 COMPENSATION FOR THE 1961 TAKING ............................................................................................... 151 3.8 THE 1973 TAKING ................................................................................................................................ 153 3.9 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................................................ 154 CHAPTER 4: EDUCATION – KORONITI NATIVE SCHOOL SITE ACQUISITION (1899) AND DISPOSAL (1977) ........................................................................................................................................ 157 4.1 INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................................... 157 4.2 THE GIFTING OF THE SCHOOL SITE....................................................................................................... 157 4.3 DISPOSAL ............................................................................................................................................. 163 4.4 EFFORTS TO HAVE THE SCHOOL SITE RETURNED................................................................................. 167 4.5 PRESENT OWNERSHIP ........................................................................................................................... 180 4.6 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................................................ 180 CHAPTER 5: RAILWAYS – TAKING OF LAND FOR THE NORTH ISLAND MAIN TRUNK RAILWAY AND ADDITIONAL TAUMARUNUI TAKINGS (1907, 1915, 1917, AND 1919) ............ 182 5.1 INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................................... 182 5.2 THE TAKING OF LAND FOR THE NORTH ISLAND MAIN TRUNK RAILWAY............................................. 183 5.3 THE QUESTION OF COMPENSATION ...................................................................................................... 187 5.4 ADDITIONAL TAKINGS AT TAUMARUNUI.............................................................................................. 193 5.5 RETURN OF RAILWAY LAND AT TAUMARUNUI..................................................................................... 194 5.6 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................................................ 194 CHAPTER 6: RAILWAYS – MARAEKOWHAI TAKINGS (1932 AND 1934) ................................... 197 6.1 INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................................