Importation of Fresh Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), Shelled or in Pods, from Jordan into the Continental United States A Qualitative, Pathway-Initiated Risk Assessment February 14, 2011 Version 2 Agency Contact: Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory Center for Plant Health Science and Technology United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine 1730 Varsity Drive, Suite 300 Raleigh, NC 27606 Pest Risk Assessment for Beans from Jordan Executive Summary In this risk assessment we examined the risks associated with the importation of fresh beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), in pods (French, green, snap, and string beans) or shelled, from the Kingdom of Jordan into the continental United States. We developed a list of pests associated with beans (in any country) that occur in Jordan on any host based on scientific literature, previous commodity risk assessments, records of intercepted pests at ports-of-entry, and information from experts on bean production. This is a qualitative risk assessment, as we express estimates of risk in descriptive terms (High, Medium, and Low) rather than numerically in probabilities or frequencies. We identified seven quarantine pests likely to follow the pathway of introduction. We estimated Consequences of Introduction by assessing five elements that reflect the biology and ecology of the pests: climate-host interaction, host range, dispersal potential, economic impact, and environmental impact. We estimated Likelihood of Introduction values by considering both the quantity of the commodity imported annually and the potential for pest introduction and establishment. We summed the Consequences of Introduction and Likelihood of Introduction values to estimate overall Pest Risk Potentials, which describe risk in the absence of mitigation. Five pests had High pest risk potentials, and two had Medium pest risk potential as follows: Type Organism Taxonomy Pest Risk Potential Arthropods Chrysodeixis chalcites (Esper) Lepidoptera: Noctuidae High Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) Lepidoptera: Noctuidae High Liriomyza huidobrensis Blanchard Diptera: Agromyzidae High Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae High Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) Lepidoptera: Noctuidae High Lampides boeticus Linnaeus Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae Medium Fungus Phoma exigua var. diversispora Ascomycete: Mitosporic Medium (Bubák) Boerema fungi For pests with High pest risk potential, mitigations beyond port-of-entry inspection are strongly recommended, and may be necessary for pests with Medium pest risk potential. We listed risk mitigation options here (Appendix A). Detailed examination and choice of appropriate phytosanitary measures to mitigate pest risk are part of the pest risk management phase within APHIS and are not addressed in this document. Ver. 2 February 14, 2011 ii Pest Risk Assessment for Beans from Jordan Table of Contents Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................... ii 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Background .......................................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Commodity information....................................................................................................... 1 2. Risk Assessment ........................................................................................................................ 2 2.1. Initiating Event..................................................................................................................... 2 2.2. Assessment of Weediness Potential of Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) ............................... 2 2.3. Current Status, Decision History, and Pest Interceptions .................................................... 4 2.4. Pest Categorization - Identification of Pests of Beans in Jordan ......................................... 5 2.6. Consequences of Introduction............................................................................................ 22 2.7. Likelihood of Introduction ................................................................................................. 32 2.8. Pest Risk Potential and Conclusion ................................................................................... 35 3. Author and Reviewers ............................................................................................................ 36 4. Literature Cited ...................................................................................................................... 36 5. Appendices ............................................................................................................................... 52 Appendix A. Risk management options for importation of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) from Jordan into the continental United States.................................................................................. 52 Appendix B. Countries with permitted entry of beans into the United States. ......................... 56 Appendix C. Decision sheets for Phaseolus spp. and beans (Phaseolus vulgaris). ................. 58 Appendix D. Pest interceptions on beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) entering the United States ..... 61 Appendix E. Predicted distribution of Liriomyza huidobrensis in the conterminous United States. ........................................................................................................................................ 70 Appendix F. Predicted distribution of Maconellicoccus hirsutus in the conterminous United States. ........................................................................................................................................ 71 Appendix G. Field pest management, post-havest practices, and Standard packinghouse procedures described for beans produced in Jordan (Jordan Ministry of Agriculture, 2008) .. 72 Ver. 2 February 14, 2011 iii Pest Risk Assessment for Beans from Jordan 1. Introduction 1.1. Background This risk assessment was prepared by analysts at the Center for Plant Health Science and Technology (CPHST) office in Colombia, Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ), Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). We examined potential pest risks associated with the importation of fresh beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), in pods (french, green, snap, and string beans) or shelled, from Jordan into the continental United States. This pest risk assessment is pathway-initiated because it is based on the risks associated with the importation of this commodity. This risk assessment is qualitative: we express risk in descriptive terms (High, Medium, and Low) rather than in probabilities or frequencies. The methodology and rating criteria are explained in the Guidelines for Pathway- Initiated Pest Risk Assessments, Version 5.02 (PPQ, 2000). International plant protection organizations such as the North American Plant Protection Organization (NAPPO) and the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) provide standards for conducting pest risk Analyses (e.g., IPPC, 2009: ISPM #2, #11). The methods we used to initiate, conduct, and report this plant pest risk assessment are based on these standards. Biological and phytosanitary terms used in this document are in accordance with those in the Glossary of Phytosanitary Terms (IPPC, 2009: ISPM #5). The IPPC standards describe three stages of pest risk analysis: Stage 1 (initiation), Stage 2 (risk assessment), and Stage 3 (risk management). A pest risk assessment is a component of an overall pest risk analysis; this document satisfies the requirements of IPPC Stages 1 and 2. 1.2. Commodity information Beans originated in Central and South America and were widely disseminated in North and South America before European exploration (Rhodes, 2006). The beans belong to the Fabaceae family (NRCS, 2007). This plant species is currently cultivated and naturalized worldwide (NGRP, 2007; Wiersema and León, 1999). The genus Phaseolus (sensu stricto) includes 55 species; five have been domesticated (Debouck, 1994). Phaseolus vulgaris is one of the most important legumes and is used as a pulse and as a green vegetable. It supplies edible young pods (french, green, snap, or string beans), unripe seeds (shell beans), or dried, mature seeds (dry beans), as well as valuable forage (the whole plant). In some parts of the tropics, young leaves are used as spinach, and in temperate regions, common bean is grown mainly for the green immature pods that are eaten as a vegetable, and are also canned and frozen (Bailey, 1976; CABI, 2007). The fruits of bean plants are narrow and 20 cm (8 in) long, flat or nearly cylindrical; the seeds are elongate or globose and about 1.3 cm (0.5 in) long. The seeds are red, brown, black, white, or mottled (Bailey, 1976). Pod texture is described as either leathery or stringless. Leathery pods have reduced parchment tissue, and are used to produce both dry seed and green beans, as they remain tender until the rapid phase of seed growth occurs. Stringless pods remain tender when seeds are large and are extensively traded as a frozen product (CABI, 2007). Ver. 2 February 14, 2011 1 Pest Risk Assessment for Beans from Jordan According to the Jordan Ministry