CROP – The Comparative Research Programme on Poverty The Comparative Research Programme on Poverty was initiated by the International Social Science Council in . The major aim of CROP is to produce sound and reliable research-based knowledge which can serve as a basis for poverty reduction. CROP is organized around a broad international and multi-disciplinary research arena which allows entry to all poverty researchers and others interested in a scientific approach to poverty. CROP organizes regional and topical workshops and international conferences, initiates and co-ordinates comparative projects and publications, offers educational courses, and invites its members to consult for national and international agencies. More than fifteen hundred researchers and others have joined the CROP network, close to half coming from so-called dev- eloping countries and countries in transition. As an international and inter-disciplinary research programme, CROP’s objectives are to: • consider how scholars working within different paradigms can develop a joint arena for multi-paradigmatic research • compare different theoretical approaches so as to understand better their links and relationships • consider how the social sciences can contribute to the under- standing of poverty in a global context • establish an international scientific network which will give im- petus to a long-term programme • generate and secure high-quality data of importance for different social science approaches • create a body of scientific knowledge which can be used for poverty reduction. CROP Publications Poverty: Research Projects, Institutes, Persons, Tinka Ewoldt-Leicher and Arnaud F. Marks (eds), Tilburg, Bergen, Amsterdam, , pp. Urban Poverty: Characteristics, Causes and Consequences, David Satter- thwaite (ed.), special issue of Environment and Urbanization, Volume , No. , April , pp. Urban Poverty: From Understanding to Action, David Satterthwaite (ed.), special issue of Environment and Urbanization, Volume , No. , October , pp. Women and Poverty: The Feminization of Poverty, Ingrid Eide (ed.), The Norwegian National Commission for UNESCO and CROP, Oslo and Bergen, (published in Norwegian only), pp. Poverty: A Global Review. Handbook on International Poverty Research, Else Øyen, S. M. Miller, Syed Abdus Samad (eds), Scandinavian University Press and UNESCO, Oslo and Paris, , pp. Poverty and Participation in Civil Society, Yogesh Atal and Else Øyen (eds), UNESCO and Abhinav Publications, Paris and New Delhi, . Law, Power and Poverty, Asbjørn Kjønstad and John H. Veit Wilson (eds), CROP Publications, Bergen, , pp. Poverty and Social Exclusion in the Mediterranean Area, Karima Kor- ayem and Maria Petmesidou (eds), CROP Publications, Bergen, . Poverty and the Environment, Arild Angelsen and Matti Vainio (eds), CROP Publications, Bergen, . The International Glossary on Poverty, David Gordon and Paul Spicker (eds), CROP International Studies in Poverty Research, Zed Books, London, . Transcending the Poverty of Rights: Latin America, Human Rights and the Eradication of Poverty, Willem van Genugten and Camilo Perez- Bustillo (eds), CROP International Studies in Poverty Research, Zed Books, London, . Poverty Reduction: What Role for the State in Today’s Globalized Economy? Edited by Francis Wilson, Nazneen Kanji and Einar Braathen CROP International Studies in Poverty Research NAEP CAPE TOWN Zed Books LONDON • NEW YORK Poverty Reduction: What Role for the State in Today’s Globalized Economy? was first published by Zed Books Ltd, Cynthia Street, London , and Room , Fifth Avenue, New York, , in . Published in South Africa by New Africa Education Publishing, PO Box , Claremont , Republic of South Africa. Distributed in the exclusively by Palgrave, a division of St Martin’s Press, LLC, Fifth Avenue, New York, , . CROP International Studies in Poverty Research Copyright © CROP, Cover designed by Andrew Corbett Set in Monotype Ehrhardt and Franklin Gothic by Ewan Smith Printed and bound in Malaysia The rights of the contributors to be identified as the authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, . A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: available cased limp In South Africa Contents List of Tables and Figures /ix Acknowledgements /xi About the Contributors /xii 1 Introduction: Poverty, Power and the State 1 Francis Wilson, Nazneen Kanji and Einar Braathen Impact of global trends / Southern Africa: differences and commonalities / State power / Governance / Citizenship / Conclusion / 2 Conceptual and Philosophical Predispositions 15 Archie Mafeje From ‘poverty alleviation’ to ‘poverty eradication’ / The role of the state in ‘poverty alleviation’ in Africa / What of ‘poverty eradication’? / 3 Democracies and Poverty: Links and Associations 33 Kenneth Good American capitalism / American liberal democracy / Regulated/stakeholder capitalism / Athenian democracy, the Levellers, and Rousseau / South Africa / Democracies and poverty / 4 Poverty and Citizenship: Moral Repertoires and Welfare Regimes 54 Hartley Dean Conceptual and theoretical traditions / ‘Bottom-up’ discourses of poverty and citizenship / Moral Repertoires and popular discourse / ‘Top-down’ discourses of poverty and citizenship / The moral basis of social development strategies / Conclusion / Contents vi 5 ‘The Right to Have Rights’: Poverty, Ethnicity, Multiculturalism and State Power 74 Camilo Perez-Bustillo The bifurcated state – and society – in both Africa and Latin America / Conclusions / 6 Poverty and Development in the Age of Globalization: The Role of Foreign Aid 95 Brigitte Schulz The mission of foreign aid / Globalization and the changing role of governments / Policy prescriptions for the South / The success of the development project in poverty alleviation / 7 Poverty Reduction and Policy Dialogue: The World Bank and the State in Zimbabwe, Zambia and Malawi 110 Nazneen Kanji The World Bank and poverty reduction: assessing the post- strategy / The Bank’s Country Assistance Strategies and policy dialogue / Is the Bank’s three-pronged strategy negotiable? / Does the Bank emphasize poverty issues enough in policy dialogue? / Are political and institutional issues discussed in policy dialogue? / What is the role of civil society in policy dialogue? / Implications for the role of the state in poverty reduction / Conclusions / 8 Poverty, Discourse and State Power: A Case Study of Morocco 129 Blandine Destremau Three approaches to poverty / The issue of income poverty in Morocco / The issue of human poverty in Morocco / The issue of social exclusion and the challenge of citizenship in Morocco / Conclusion: poverty discourse and issues of power / 9 Trade Policy, Poverty and Inequality in Namibia 164 Dirk Hansohm, Klaus Schade and Arne Wiig Introduction: the Namibian economy and poverty / Namibia’s foreign trade and trade regime / Impacts of trade policy on poverty and inequality in Namibia / Conclusion / Contents vii 10 The State and Poverty Reduction Policies in Zimbabwe, 1980–97 196 Brian Raftopoulos The place of poverty reduction policies in the politics of the Zimbabwean state: – / The s: The period of structural adjustment / Conclusion / 11 Poverty and Democratization: The Case of Botswana 219 Charity K. Kerapeletswe and Tsholofelo Moremi Background of Botswana / Extent and causes of poverty in Botswana / Popular participation and poverty reduction in Botswana / Effects of underlying factors / Conclusions / 12 Providing So Little for So Few: Botswana’s Social Assistance Scheme 246 Arnon Bar-On The revival of social assistance / Botswana: a cattle-herding society transformed / Riches below ground, poverty above ground / Poverty and the poverty data line / National Destitute Policy / Why? / Conclusions / 13 Towards Pro-poor Governance? The Case of Mozambique 269 Einar Braathen and Alessandro Palmero Background / The agenda of pro-poor governance / The legacy of state-centred nation-building / Contradictions of participatory governance / Concluding remarks / 14 Meeting the Challenge? The Emerging Agenda for Poverty Reduction in Post-apartheid South Africa 302 Julian May A poverty profile of South Africa / An integrated response / Sectoral policies / Labour markets and employment generation / Governance and local government / Conclusion / 15 The South African Women’s Budget Initiative: What Does It Tell Us about Poverty Alleviation? 327 Debbie Budlender The birth of the Women’s Budget Initiative / The Women’s Budget Initiative and poverty / What has been done / Contents viii Dangers / Inside and outside: two legs / Reslicing the cake or increasing its overall size / Limitations of the research / 16 Redressing Urban Poverty in Post-apartheid South Africa 341 Christian M. Rogerson Context / Rethinking urban policy and urban poverty in South Africa / Programmes to strengthen the asset base of the poor / Strengthening productive assets: housing provision / Conclusion / Index 363 Tables and Figures Tables . Some characteristics of the fourteen countries of the SADC . Geographical sources of African labour on mines affiliated to the South African Chamber of Mines, – . Total external debt, and . Terms of trade of selected African countries, – . Assessments of income poverty rate according to the World Bank poverty line . Official assessments of income poverty rate according to national poverty lines . Assessments of income poverty rate