US 20130225412A1 (19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2013/02254.12 A1 Sardari Lodriche et al. (43) Pub. Date: Aug. 29, 2013 (54) SILICON NANOCARRIER FOR DELIVERY A613 L/702 (2006.01) OF DRUG, PESTICIDES AND HERBICIDES, A6IP3 L/10 (2006.01) AND FOR WASTE WATER TREATMENT A6IP3/04 (2006.01) A6IP35/00 (2006.01) (76) Inventors: Soroush Sardari Lodriche, Tehran (IR): AOIP3/00 (2006.01) Saeed Soltani, Tehran (IR); Roghieh AOIPI3/00 (2006.01) Mirzazadeh, Tehran (IR) BOI 20/22 (2006.01) AOIN 25/08 (2006.01) (21) Appl. No.: 13/406,538 (52) U.S. Cl. USPC ........... 504/322:504/358:504/326; 514/394; (22) Filed: Feb. 28, 2012 514/383: 514/177: 514/274: 514/254.07; 514/110: 514/197; 514/165; 514/253.08: Publication Classification 514/21.1: 514/31; 514/343; 514/61; 424/400; 252/18O (51) Int. Cl. A6 IK9/00 (2006.01) (57) ABSTRACT AOIN37/22 (2006.01) The various embodiments herein provide a nano silicon car AOIN33/06 (2006.01) rier as a drug delivery mechanism. The nano silicon carrier AOIN 43/32 (2006.01) comprises a diatom frustules loaded with a drug molecule to AOIN 43/653 (2006.01) be released at the target site. The diatom frustules are of A 6LX3/57 (2006.01) Hannaea arcus and Navicula inflexia species of diatom. The A6 IK3I/53 (2006.01) pore size of the diatom frustules is 1 to 100 nm. The diatom A6 IK3I/496 (2006.01) frustules are comb-like in structure. The diatom frustules are A6 IK3I/496 (2006.01) in the form of powdered diatomaceous earth. The drug deliv A6 IK3I/664 (2006.01) ery mechanism described in the embodiments herein is a A6 IK3I/43 (2006.01) controlled release mechanism. The nano silicon carrier A6 IK3I/66 (2006.01) described in the embodiments herein is also used for delivery A6 IK38/2 (2006.01) of pesticides and herbicides in plants. The nano silicon carrier A6 IK3I/7048 (2006.01) described in the embodiments herein is also used in hormone A6 IK3 L/46.5 (2006.01) Waste Water treatment. S. S.8 S. S. S. S. S. S. S. S. S.S S. S.S S. S. S. S. S. S. R. S. R. S. R. S. S.& S. S. S. S. S. S. S. S. S. R.S. S. & S.S Patent Application Publication Aug. 29, 2013 Sheet 1 of 9 US 2013/0225412 A1 102 101 FIG. 1 Patent Application Publication Aug. 29, 2013 Sheet 2 of 9 US 2013/0225412 A1 .- FIG. 2A Patent Application Publication Aug. 29, 2013 Sheet 3 of 9 US 2013/0225412 A1 FIG. 2B Patent Application Publication Aug. 29, 2013 Sheet 4 of 9 US 2013/0225,412 A1 FIG. 3 Patent Application Publication Aug. 29, 2013 Sheet 5 of 9 US 2013/0225412 A1 FIG. 4 Patent Application Publication Aug. 29, 2013 Sheet 6 of 9 US 2013/0225412 A1 Release Pattern of Benomy Measured By Nano Drop 38 - 0.3 s S:R S. 0.25 s sS & & S O.2 k's S s S S. 8.5 S. SS. S 0.1 S. s S. &^s. S. S.X S. S X SS' S i. s & S. {} $8x^- : - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - : - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - : - - - - - - - - - ŠssŠ-:- -0.059 3. 3. Sh 8) Time (h) FIG.S Patent Application Publication Aug. 29, 2013 Sheet 7 of 9 US 2013/0225412 A1 Release Patter of S-F Measured By Natio trap 8.2 : s^ : s ^ 3,3S :: s YSSn s 8.1 S N i : 8.85 s : S S 8 iss-s-s-s-s-s-s-sŠss .. ...s. Ms.,...s.. ...x...S. s.s...w.......... Ms. ...x...S. s.s...s..... s.s.. } S 38 3S 2S 3. -3.3s Patent Application Publication Aug. 29, 2013 Sheet 8 of 9 US 2013/0225412 A1 Reiease Patters; a Pragest rats yieasired. By Nana tra 8,38 : s S Š 8.33 S Y.s S. 8.32 & S.S. 83 S.S. Saxx s S. S sS SSS- ^ssašS s 8.88 s y S. S S.& 3.88 S. 8.32 Patent Application Publication Aug. 29, 2013 Sheet 9 of 9 US 2013/0225412 A1 Probit Transformed Responses r O 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 VAROOOO1 FIG. 8 US 2013/02254.12 A1 Aug. 29, 2013 SILICON NANOCARRIER FOR DELVERY could have a regular specificity of a drug release pattern, OF DRUG, PESTICIDES AND HERBICIDES, which would be extremely useful for nano drug delivery, AND FOR WASTE WATER TREATMENT especially in the cancer treatments. 0012. The evaluation of loading molecules or compounds BACKGROUND into nano-carrier includes some parameters. Previously, some 0001 1. Technical Field useful parameters like molecular weight, number and per 0002 The embodiments herein generally relate to a field centage of nitrogen and oxygen atoms, polarizability (cm), of drug delivery systems and particularly to a drug delivery monoisotopic mass (Da), density (g/cm), nominal mass system using silicon nano vehicle or carrier and more particu (Da), Surface tension (dyne/cm), index of refraction, molar larly to a drug delivery system using diatoms as drug delivery volume (cm), molar refractivity (cm), hydration energies vehicles or carriers. (Kcal/mol), average mass (Da), parachor (cm) and the log 0003 2. Description of the Related Art base 10 of parachor (Log P) have been measured. These 0004. The desired loading and release properties for drug physio-chemical properties have been previously shown to be delivery could be achieved through a selection of appropriate best in describing the controlling factors for loading drugs. systems and drug molecules. The designing of Such new 0013 But no work has been done in using these diatoms carriers for drug delivery is an important field of research. for delivering the drugs efficiently at the target site. Hence the Nanotechnology as one of the new and latest fields of tech embodiments herein provide the use of diatoms as nano drug nology can help us to use naturally occurring structures in delivery carrier for the delivery of drugs at their target sites. designing a new type of drug vehicles using diatoms. The Also the embodiments herein provide the use of diatoms in diatoms are unicellular microalgae. the field of agriculture and wastewater treatment. 0005 Diatoms belong to Chrysophyta division, Bacillari 0014. The above mentioned shortcomings, disadvantages ophaceae class with a cell wall consisting of a siliceous skel and problems are addressed herein and which will be under eton or Frustule enveloped by an organic case essentially stood by reading and studying the following specification. composed of polysaccharides and proteins. Diatoms as a group are very diverse in nature, comprising some 12,000 OBJECTIVES OF THE EMBODIMENTS 60,000 reported species and a common diameter of 20-200 0015 The primary object of the embodiments herein is to microns. Diatoms are divided into two broad groups: centric provide a novel drug delivery system using diatoms. and pinnate, depending on the symmetry of frustules. All 0016. Another object of the embodiments herein is to pro diatoms have, parallel striates or furrows or rows of holes, in vide a nano drug delivery system using diatom frustules for the silica arranged normal to the structural axis. The spacing various applications. between the adjacent striate is species specific, but typically 0017. Yet another object of the embodiments herein is to varies from 0.3 to 2 um. The line of silica between the striate provide a nano drug delivery system made up of siliceous is called costae. Costae tend to be symmetrically arranged in diatomaceous structure for delivering various pharmaceutical combs or other space filling patterns. drugs in humans and animals. 0006. In the recent years some attempts have been made to 0018 Yet another object of the embodiments herein is to use frustules in nanotechnology applications. Some provide a nano drug delivery system that can be used for researches in this field are as follows: delivering agricultural drugs and pesticides. 0007 Immuno-isolation and immunological bio-encapsu lation could benefit from the frustule properties. The key 0019. Yet another object of the embodiments herein is to feature of such capsules would be the ability of frustule pores provide a nano drug delivery system that can be used for to protect the enclosed tissue from immune rejection while delivering anticancer drugs. allowing an adequate Supply of nutrients and oxygen. One 0020. Yet another object of the embodiments herein is to possible drawback could be the immune reactivity of the provide a nano drug delivery system that can be used for silica itself. treating the fungal infections in humans. 0021. Yet another object of the embodiments herein is to 0008 Microfabrication: diatom frustules have potential provide a nano drug delivery system that can be used for the use in the production of nanomaterials of constant diameter. removal of hormonal waste from wastewater and industrial For example, using a template synthesis method, it may be Sewage. possible to arrange these pores to form nanometer sized tubes 0022. These and other objects and advantages of the and/or fibers. embodiments herein will become readily apparent from the 0009 Lithographic applications: using the costae of pin following detailed description taken in conjunction with the nate diatoms as a mask in the lithographic process led to the accompanying drawings. formation of parallel array of uniform channels. Use of cen tric diatoms, for which their exposed surface is resistant to the etching process, leads to a formation of radiating channels. SUMMARY 0010 Magnetized frustules for pinpoint drug delivery: to 0023 The various embodiments herein provide a nano produce magnetized frustules, diatoms can be cultured in an silicon carrier made up of diatom frustules that can be loaded iron-rich environment, as described by Wee et al.