Dissertation Ref. No. 23/2017 SHEEP PRODUCTION SYSTEMS IN URBAN AND PERI-URBAN AREAS OF DEBRE-BERHAN AND DESSIE, ETHIOPIA, AND PERFORMANCE OF LAMBS FED DIFFERENT COMBINATIONS OF WHEAT BRAN AND LENTIL SCREENING PhD Dissertation By Wude Tsega Beyene Addis Ababa University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture Department of Animal Production Studies PhD Program in Animal Production, June, 2017 Bishoftu, Ethiopia TITLE PAGE SHEEP PRODUCTION SYSTEMS IN URBAN AND PERI-URBAN AREAS OF DEBRE-BERHAN AND DESSIE, ETHIOPIA, AND PERFORMANCE OF LAMBS FED DIFFERENT COMBINATIONS OF WHEAT BRAN AND LENTIL SCREENING A Dissertation Submitted to the College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture of Addis Ababa University in Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Animal Production By Wude Tsega Beyene BSc (Animal Sciences) MSc (Animal Production) June, 2017 Bishoftu, Ethiopia SIGNATURE PAGE Addis Ababa University College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture Department of Animal Production Studies As members of the Examining Board of the final PhD open defense, we certify that we have read and evaluated the Dissertation prepared by Wude Tsega Beyene, titled: Sheep Production Systems in Urban and Peri-Urban Areas of Debre-Berhan and Dessie, Ethiopia, and Performance of Lambs Fed Different Combinations of Wheat Bran and Lentil Screening, and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the degree of Philosophy in Animal Production. Dr.Gebeyehu Goshu _______________ _______________ Chairman Signature Date Dr Ashenafi Mengstu _______________ _______________ Internal Examiner Signature Date Dr Alemu Yami _______________ _______________ External Examiner Signature Date Professor Berhan Tamir _______________ _______________ Major advisor Signature Date Dr. Girma Abebe _______________ _______________ Co-advisor Signature Date Professor Berhan Tamir _______________ _______________ Department Chair Signature Date ii STATEMENT OF AUTHOR First, I declare that this dissertation is my bona fide work and that all sources of material used for this thesis have been duly acknowledged. This thesis has been submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a PhD degree at Addis Ababa University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture and is deposited at the College library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. I solemnly declare that this thesis is not submitted to any other institution anywhere for the award of any academic degree, diploma, or certificate. Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission provided that accurate acknowledgement of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the College when in his or her judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however permission must be obtained from the author. Name: _______________________Signature: ______________ College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Bishoftu Date of Submission: _________________________ iii BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH Wude Tsega Beyene was born on 22 Augest, 1978 in Mokesh Peasant Association, Gonder, Ethiopia. She attended her elementary and secondary school education in Yibar Primary and Metehara High School, respectively. Then she joined Haramaya University (formerly Alemaya) of Agriculture in 1998 and graduated with BSc degree in Animal Sciences in 2001. Soon after graduation, she was employed by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, in Assosa Zone Agricultural Departement office and worked as an animal production expert up to September 2004. In October 2004, she re-joined the School of Graduate Studies at Haramaya University to pursue her MSc study in Animal Production and graduated in 2006. Upon completion of her MSc study, Wude was employed by the Amhara Region Agricultural Research Institute, based at the Andassa Livestock Research Center and worked as Assistant Researcher. Then, she joined Addis Ababa University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture (Department of Animal Production Studies) in 2009 for her PhD study in Animal Production. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First and foremost, I am greatly indebted to express my sincere gratitude and genuine appreciation to my major research advisor Professor Berhan Tamir for his meticulous guidance, patience, encouragement and leadership. It is worth mentioning that without his encouragement, insight, guidance and professional expertise the completion of this work would not have been possible. Extremely sincere thanks to my co-supervisor Dr.Girma Abebe, for his encouragement, valuable support and technical guidance. I acknowledge the financial support by Rural Capacity Building Project and Addis Ababa University. I am very glad to express my gratitude and appreciation to Amhara Region Agricultural Research Institute for giving study leave and salary throughout my PhD study period. I would like to acknowledge agricultural and development experts and Kebele Administrators for organizing and collecting the survey data. They contributed their precious time and shared their skills and experiences regarding sheep husbandry that provided an opportunity to me to learn a lot. The good willingness of sheep owners was highly appreciated. Indeed, their cooperation was crucial and this work would not have been possible without their willingness. I highly acknowledge all staff members of College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture and my colleagues. My warmest thank goes to the stuff members of Deber-Zeit Agricultural Research Center, namely Dr. Mekasha Chichaybelu, Dr. Solomon Mengistu and Ato Getahun Kebede for their permit of experimental house in the center. I thank you heartily Holleta Agricultural Research Center nutrition laboratory stuff members and Ethiopian National Veterinary Institute laboratory staff members for allowed me to do my samples. The Staff members of ELFORA (Ato Zeleke Mengista, Ato GebereWahid Hailu, W/ro Seniet Wendmu, W/ro Werkenesh Beyene, and Ato Kebret Hailu) are highly acknowledgeable for their facilitation to use the slaughter house at Debera Zeit Abattoir. I would like to express my deepest appreciation and thanks to those people who contributed to this study, but not listed here, as it is impossible to mention names` of all. v Last but the most I greatly thank my husband, Dr. Mammo Mengesha for his encouragement. I thank my children Meron, Leul, and Lelna Mammo and my niece Meskerem Abebaw for their patience. Besides, I would like to deeply thank Dr. Abebe Atilaw and his wife Tsehay Zeleke for looking after my children during this study. Above all, faithfulness of the Almighty God in bestowing health, strength, patience and protection throughout the study period is always praised and with all my heart I give Thanks! vi DEDICATION This dissertation manuscript is dedicated to my father Tsega Beyene, my mother Yeshi Yenenehe, my aunt Adanech Yenenesh and her husband Teshome Abebe; they helped me to reach to this level from the very remote rural area of my background. vii TABLE OF CONTENT CONTENT PAGE TITLE PAGE ............................................................................................................................. i SIGNATURE PAGE ................................................................................................................ ii STATEMENT OF AUTHOR .................................................................................................. iii BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH ................................................................................................... iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .........................................................................................................v DEDICATION ........................................................................................................................ vii TABLE OF CONTENT ......................................................................................................... viii ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................................ xii LIST OF TABLES IN THE TEXT ........................................................................................ xiii LIST OF FIGURES IN THE TEXT ........................................................................................xv LIST OF TABLES IN THE APPENDIX .............................................................................. xvi ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................ xvii 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................1 2. LITERATURE REVIEW ......................................................................................................4 2.1. Sheep Production Systems in Ethiopia ...........................................................................4 2.1.1. Urban and peri-urban sheep production systems .....................................................5 2.1.2. Breed and geographical distribution of sheep ..........................................................6 2.1.3. Flock sizes of sheep .................................................................................................7 2.1.4. Feed resources for sheep ..........................................................................................7