PAPERS AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD MEDIEVAL WORKSHOP IN RIJEKA Edited by KOSANA JOVANOVIĆ – SUZANA MILJAN FACULTY OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY OF RIJEKA Rijeka 2018 Publisher: FACULTY OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY OF RIJEKA Sveučilišna avenija 4 For51 000 publisher: Rijeka Peer-reviewers:Prof. Ines Srdoč Konestra Dr. Marija Karbić LanguageProf. Mirjana editing: Matijević Sokol GraphicDr. Iris Vidmar design: ISBN:Lea Čeč 978-953-7975-71-5 CIP record available in the University Library Rijeka digital catalog under number 140412079 Contents 7 Preface Kosana Jovanović – Suzana Miljan Part 1 Royalty, nobility and prelates: hierarchy and geography Márton Rózsa 11 Families behind a plot. The political and social background of the AranđelAnemas conspiracy Smiljanić MišoTitles Petrović and ranks of diplomats of the regional lords in Bosnia 29 Politicized religion. The “contested” prelates of Croatia, Dalmatia and 37 Slavonia during the struggle for the throne of the Kingdom of Hungary Tomislav(1382-1409) Matić 55 MajaFuture Lukanc Hungarian prelates at the University of Vienna during the 1430s 69 Anna of Celje (Cilli): in search of the overlooked Queen Part 2 Interpreting the sources: archaeological, textual and contextual analysis Jana Škrgulja 89 Symbols of power and ethnic identities in Late Antique Southern AndrejPannonia Janeš and Dalmatia (the sixth century) 109 KristinaThe archaeological Judaš approach and the need for medieval castle research 131 Scopes and limits of interpretation of magistrate’s attitude to violent crimes: examples from late medieval Gradec judicial records (1450- Ivan1480) Missoni IvanExpressions Botica –of Tomislav physical and Galović ecstatic love in the Passion of Our Saviour 147 165 Croatian Glagolitic notary service of Krk and Third notarial protocol of Jure Sormilić (1726-1734). How we have edited this edition? 180 List of contributors Preface Dear Reader, We present the third volume of our project entitled Medieval Workshop in Rijeka. As always, our endeavour brought together two major Croatian institutions – the Department of History of the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences in Rijeka, and the Department of Historical Research of the Institute of Historical and Social Sciences of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts. The Third Workshop took place in Rijeka in October 16, 2015, gathering 33 scholars from 7 countries (Romania, Hungary, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Slovenia, and the Czech Republic) and many different institutions within Croatia, including colleagues representing their institutions from Split, Zadar, Nin, Rijeka and Zagreb. As always, the workshop’s initial idea was to gather researchers at the early stage of their career, whether in the process of researching their doctorate or immediately afterwards. The diverse profile of our participants brought forward diverse topics that were divided into several sessions. Some of these topics are presented in the following pages, with two contributions from the Second Medieval Workshop in Rijeka finding their way into this volume also. The editors of this volume would like to express their gratitude to the Department of History of the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences in Rijeka (Croatia), and the Department of Historical Research of the Institute of Historical and Social Sciences of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts in Zagreb (Croatia). The editors would also like to thank Gerhard Jaritz and Kriszina Arany for their keynote lectures, and Nada Zečević, Ivan Jurković, Damir Karbić, Marija Karbić, Mirjana Matijević Sokol and Lucijana Šešelj, for their chairing of sessions during the workshop. In addition, Marija Karbić and Mirjana Matijević Sokol deserve our utmost gratitude for their work as peer reviewers, as without their suggestions this volume would not carry the same value. Finally, it ought to be mentioned that this volume was produced as part of the program of the project ‘Sources, Manuals and Studies for Croatian History from the Middle Ages to the End of the Long Nineteenth Century’ (no. IP-2014-09-6547) of the Croatian Science Foundation. K.J. – S.M. 7 Part 1 Royalty, nobility and prelates: hierarchy and geography Márton Rózsa Families behind a plot. The political and social background of the Anemas conspiracy Although Alexios I Komnenos established one of the most successful imperial dynasties of the Byzantine Empire, his long reign witnessed numerous conspiracies. Plots and revolts were not unusual in the Byzantine history, yet the rule of Alexios I had its own political and social phenomena causing those insurrections. The conspiracy named after the Anemades was one of the plots against the government of Alexios I. Scholars have several ideas and theories about the motives of this conspiracy: Michael Angold1 argues that the civil administration supported the plot, while Jean-Claude Cheynet that the Anatolian families were behind the affair. Paul Magdalino has a short remark on this event, noting that the lower position2 of the Doukai might have caused displeasure in the government. The aim of this study is to show how this conspiracy effected on a specific social stratum, the so- called second-tier elite. In the first place, I intend to analyse the social and political background of the Anemas plot, and in the second, I will attempt to evaluate the influence of the conspiracy on three families of the second-tier elite involved in the affair, the Skleroi, the Xeroi and the Solomontes. The sources Alexiad We know only two sources,3 which give accounts on the events of the conspiracy. One of them is Anna Komnene’s , which provides a detailed narrativeEpitome of the affair.of Histories Anna was not just the daughter of Alexios, but an eyewitness of some episodes of the plot. The other source was John Zonaras’ , which gives less attention to 1 Michael Angold, The Byzantine Empire, 1025-1204. A Political History (London: Longman, 1992), 146; Jean-Claude Cheynet, Pouvoir et contestations à Byzance (963-1210) (Paris: Publications de la Sorbonne, 1990), 366-367. 2 Paul Magdalino, The Empire of Manuel I Komnenos, 1143-1180 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 203. Like Cheynet, Magdalino also connects the Anemas conspiracy with the Diogenes plot. 3 Diether R. Reinsch and Athanasios Kambylis (eds.), Annae Comnenae Alexias, 2 vols. (Berlin and New York: De Gruyter, 2001), vol. 1, 370-76, 12.5.1-6.9. 11 Papers and Proceedings of the Third Medieval Workshop in Rijeka 4 Alexiad the conspiracy. Zonaras’ account ignores several important factors and information that appear in the . From a wide perspective, Zonaras provides a critical5 narrative on the reign of Alexios KomnenosEpitome ofmaking Histories his work a significant counterpoint to Anna’s version of her father’s emperorship. Nevertheless, the brief description in the neither shows an alternative to the evidently tendentious account written by Anna Komnene nor it improves our knowledge on the plot with additional information. The reconstruction of wider social and political background, requires the usage of wider source material, because one can find additional information on the plotters or their families, when more attention is given to the circumstances, the antecedents and the aftermath of the affair. Byzantine lead seals can provide great support to the prosopography of the Anemas conspiracy. Due to the absolute destruction of imperial and other lay archives, only monasteries secured some documents, which give a little addition to our knowledge.6 The letters of Theophylact of Ohrid helps scholars explore the relations of some notable individuals connected to or even involved in the plot. The advantage of these latter sources is that they were indifferent to the conspiracy and their connection with the affair was only through the mention of relevant individuals. The conspiracy Alexiad Epitome of HistoriesThe exact date of the conspiracy is unknown, with scholars only speculating on this problem. Both the and the , provide only relative chronology with setting of events in their narratives. Anna Komnene put the account of the plot after a brief description about the beginnings of a new conflict with Bohemund7 of Taranto and Tankred of Antioch. After the story of the plot, she continued her narrative with the revolt of Gregory Taronites. John Zonaras, before the affair of the Anemades, treats the Cuman expedition led by a certain Pseudo-Diogenes who proclaimed himself Leo or Constantine Diogenes, the son of Romanos IV. Some private affairs of 4 Moritz Pinder (ed.), Ioannis Zonarae Annales, 3 vols. (Bonn: Weber, 1841-1897), vol. 3, 745, 18.24.3-7. 5 Warren Treadgold, The Middle Byzantine Historians (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013), 397-398. 6 Paul Gautier (ed.), Theophylacti Achridensis epistulae (Thessaloniki: Association de Recherches Byzantines, 1986). 7 Reinsch and Kambylis, Alexias, vol. 1, 359-70, 12.1.1-4.5; 376-78, 12.7.1-4. 12 Márton Rózsa, Families behind a plot. The political and social background... the imperial family, the retirement and8 death of Anna Dalassene, and Isaac sebastokrator, Alexios’ elder brother, and the marriage of John II followed the account of the conspiracy.Alexiad This clearly shows that the two historians chose different narratives. The chronology in the and the Zonaras causes a general problem. Both their styles and the genres of their works go hand in hand with the unfamiliarity of chronological order. It characterizes especially the work of Anna Komnene. Analysing Anna’s accounts on Alexios’ policy toward9 the heresies, Dion Smythe pointed out that the daughter of the emperor arranged the events according to representational aspects. Also Zonaras’ work implies the dominance of thematic order over chronology. It deals with the whole story of the first crusade in one uniform narrative unit, while mentioning contemporary or parallel events in other parts of the text. Yet there is some evidence, which helps scholars to date the conspiracy of the Anemades. Some events can be placed within a shorter period, in which the plot occurred. Of course, the exact year still remains in obscurity, since the related and dated affairs mark a term of several years.