Q22-1/2: Utilization of telecommunications/ICTs for disaster preparedness, mitigation and response Appendix 3: Handbook on Telecommunication Outside Plant in Areas Frequently Exposed to Natural Disasters I n t e r n a t i o n a l T e l e c o m m u n i c a t i o n U n i o n ITU HANDBOOK ON TELECOMMUNICATION OUTSIDE PLANTS IN AREAS FREQUENTLY EXPOSED TO NATURAL DISASTERS (online edition 2013) Q22-1/2: Utilization of telecommunications/ICTs for disaster preparedness, mitigation and response Table of Contents Page Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................ 2 Chapter 1: Natural disasters and their management ..................................................................... 7 1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 7 1.1 Hazards/emergencies/disasters/catastrophes ................................................................. 7 1.2 Natural hazards: types, intensity, caused damages and critical areas/countries ............. 8 1.2.1 Meteorological hazards ......................................................................................... 9 1.2.2 Hydrological hazards .............................................................................................. 13 1.2.3 Geological hazards ................................................................................................. 15 1.3 Disaster management activities ....................................................................................... 19 1.4 The role of communications in emergency management ................................................ 20 Bibliography ................................................................................................................................ 21 Chapter 2: The telecommunication outside plants technologies .................................................... 22 2 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 22 2.1 Outside plants of wireline systems ................................................................................... 23 2.1.1 Copper wires access ............................................................................................... 23 2.1.2 Optical fibre ........................................................................................................... 26 2.2 Outside plants of wireless terrestrial systems .................................................................. 32 2.2.1 Microwave radio systems ...................................................................................... 32 2.2.2 High Frequency radio systems ............................................................................... 35 2.2.3 Cellular mobile networks ....................................................................................... 36 2.3 Outside plants of satellite systems ................................................................................... 37 2.3.1 General characteristics .......................................................................................... 37 Bibliography ................................................................................................................................ 40 Chapter 3: Survey and evaluation of the natural disasters’ impact on telecommunication outside plants ............................................................................................................................. 41 3 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 41 3.1 Answers to the questionnaire on “Technical considerations on protecting outside plant facilities from natural disasters” ....................................................................................... 41 3.2 The Great East Japan earthquake and tsunami (11 March 2011) .................................... 44 3.2.1 The main characteristics of the earthquake/tsunami ............................................ 44 3.2.2 Damages to the telecommunication plants ........................................................... 47 3.2.3 Recovery actions (emergency repair) .................................................................... 49 3.2.4 Lessons learnt by the earthquake/tsunami ........................................................... 51 Q22-1/2: Utilization of telecommunications/ICTs for disaster preparedness, mitigation and response Page 3.3 Hurricane Katrina (29 August 2005) ................................................................................. 52 3.3.1 The main characteristics of the hurricane/flooding .............................................. 52 3.3.2 Damages to the Telecommunication infrastructures and recovery actions .......... 53 3.3.3 Lessons learnt by Katrina ....................................................................................... 62 3.4 Disasters in China .............................................................................................................. 63 Bibliography ................................................................................................................................ 63 Chapter 4: Outside plant of wireline systems to be deployed in disaster areas: design, implementation, operation and maintenance .............................................................................. 65 4 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 65 4.1 Requirements and design aspects of wireline outside plants .......................................... 66 4.1.1 Optical fibres and cables ........................................................................................ 66 4.1.2 Passive optical devices and nodes ......................................................................... 69 4.1.3 Active optical devices and nodes ........................................................................... 74 4.1.4 Infrastructures for the outside optical plants ........................................................ 84 4.2 Maintenance aspects ........................................................................................................ 97 4.2.1 Maintenance aspects of optical trunk systems ...................................................... 97 4.2.2 Maintenance aspects of active nodes .................................................................... 99 4.3 Natural disasters management......................................................................................... 100 4.3.1 Earthquakes ........................................................................................................... 100 4.3.2 Tsunami .................................................................................................................. 102 4.3.3 Flood/Flash floods .................................................................................................. 103 4.3.4 Strong wind (hurricanes/tornados/typhoons/wind storms) ................................. 103 4.3.5 Landslides ............................................................................................................... 104 4.3.6 Forest fires ............................................................................................................. 104 4.3.7 Severe cold, snow, ice or heat ............................................................................... 105 4.4 Disaster monitoring systems for outside plant facilities .................................................. 105 4.4.1 Manually operated monitoring systems ................................................................ 106 4.4.2 Monitoring system for outside plant facilities ....................................................... 107 4.4.3 Application of monitoring systems on outside plant facilities using WSN ............ 110 Annex 4A1: General criteria for the design of an aerial cable infrastructure ................................... 112 4A1.1 Loads applied to aerial infrastructures ............................................................................. 112 4A1.2 Design of suspension wires ............................................................................................... 114 4A1.3 Design of telecommunication poles ................................................................................. 115 4A1.4 Design of guy-lines ............................................................................................................ 116 Annex 4A2: Thermal design of above ground enclosures ............................................................... 118 4A2.1 Single wall, natural convection ......................................................................................... 118 4A2.2 Vented dual wall, natural convection ............................................................................... 119 4A2.3 Forced convection ............................................................................................................ 120 4A2.4 Air-to-air heat exchangers ................................................................................................ 121 Q22-1/2: Utilization of telecommunications/ICTs for disaster preparedness, mitigation and response Page 4A2.5 Natural and forced ventilation.......................................................................................... 122