Master Thesis / Proyecto Fin de Carrera: ANALYTICAL AND NUMERICAL DETERMINATION OF THE HULL GIRDER DEFLECTION OF INLAND NAVIGATION VESSELS DETERMINACIÓN ANALÍTICA Y NUMÉRICA DE LA DEFLEXIÓN DEL BUQUE-VIGA DE BUQUES DE NAVEGACIÓN INTERIOR Director de proyecto: Dr. Pascual Martí Montrull Doctor Ingeniero Industrial Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena Estudiante: Diego Elías Torralba Ben-Amar Ingeniería Naval y Oceánica Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena Mayo, 2015 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS / AGRADECIMIENTOS First, I would like to thank Mr. Pascual Martí Montrull for supervising and helping me with this thesis. Second, thanks to the Classification Society Bureau Veritas in Antwerp for the opportunity of developing my master thesis with their collaboration. Especially, I would like to mention the help given by Mr. Nzengu, Mr. Tri and Mr. Deeb, my daily supervisors. I want also to thank all the employees of BV, who helped me as well and made my stay quite comfortable. Moreover, I would like to thank the professor Mr. Philippe Rigo, from the Université de Liège. Thanks to him, I could carry out my master thesis in such an important company for a naval engineer. Finally, thanks to my family and friends, who are always there, are patient with me and support me whenever I need it. Thank you very much to all of you Primero, me gustaría agradecer a mi supervisor, el Doctor Pascual Martí Montrull, por ayudarme con este proyecto y por ser mi tutor. Gracias a la Sociedad de Clasificación Bureau Veritas en Amberes por darme la oportunidad de desarrollar my Proyecto Fin de Carrera con su colaboración. Especialmente, me gustaría mencionar la ayuda recibida por parte de Mr. Nzengu, Mr. Tri y Mr. Deeb, mis supervisores. También mencionar el resto de empleados de BV, los cuales me ayudaron e hicieron mi estancia bastante agradable. Además, me gustaría agradecer al profesor Mr. Philippe Rigo, de la Universidad de Lieja, que me recomendara para realizar mi estancia en una compañía tan importante para un ingeniero naval. Sin él, todo esto no habría sido posible. Finalmente, gracias a toda mi familia y amigos, quienes están siempre ahí, son pacientes conmigo y me apoyan siempre que lo necesito. Muchísimas gracias a todos 2 Table Of Contents 1. ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................................................... 6 2. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................ 8 2.1. Naval architecture’s terms and definitions .................................................................................... 8 2.2. Description of the study ..................................................................................................................... 13 2.2.1. Beam theory, deflection and the L/D ratio ......................................................................... 13 2.2.2. Rule-based versus direct analysis and design ................................................................... 15 2.2.3. Development and procedure of the study .......................................................................... 16 2.3. The Finite Element Method ............................................................................................................... 18 2.3.1. Uncertainties related to FEA .................................................................................................... 22 2.3.2. Static analysis ................................................................................................................................. 23 3. SHIP STRUCTURES. DEFORMATIONS AND SERVICEABILITY ..................................................... 24 3.1. Nature of ship structures ................................................................................................................... 24 3.1.1. Structural configurations .......................................................................................................... 24 3.1.2. Limit states ...................................................................................................................................... 27 3.1.3. Partial safety factors .................................................................................................................... 29 3.1.3. Safeguard against excessive deflection ................................................................................ 30 3.2. Types of deformations ........................................................................................................................ 31 3.2.1. Local ................................................................................................................................................... 31 3.2.2. Hull girder ....................................................................................................................................... 31 3.2.3. At building stage ........................................................................................................................... 32 3.2.4. During the ship service ............................................................................................................... 32 3.3. Serviceability .......................................................................................................................................... 32 3.3.1. Limit tolerances............................................................................................................................. 32 3.3.2. Typical potential problems ....................................................................................................... 33 4. HULL GIRDER DEFLECTION ..................................................................................................................... 34 4.1. Causes ........................................................................................................................................................ 34 4.2. Vertical and horizontal bending ...................................................................................................... 34 4.3. Calculation ............................................................................................................................................... 35 4.4. Measurement .......................................................................................................................................... 37 3 5. STRENGTH CHECK ........................................................................................................................................ 39 5.1. Procedure ................................................................................................................................................. 39 5.1.1. Net scantling approach ............................................................................................................... 40 5.1.2. Partial safety factors .................................................................................................................... 40 5.1.3. Strength criteria and limit states considered .................................................................... 41 5.2. Strength Check: Hull scantling ......................................................................................................... 43 5.2.1. Tool: Mars Inland .......................................................................................................................... 43 5.2.2. Scantlings ......................................................................................................................................... 44 5.3. Strength check of primary supporting members ..................................................................... 51 5.3.1. Tool: Femap with NX Nastran v10.3.1 .................................................................................. 52 5.3.2. Procedure ........................................................................................................................................ 52 5.3.3. Analysis and results ..................................................................................................................... 54 6. ANALYTICAL DETERMINATION OF THE HULL GIRDER DEFLECTION ................................... 58 6.1. Standard loading conditions for tank vessels ............................................................................ 58 6.2. Stillwater bending moment according to the Rules ................................................................ 59 6.3. Wave-induced bending moment according to the rules ........................................................ 59 6.4. Stillwater bending moment according to Argos ........................................................................ 60 6.5. Analytical determination of the deflection ................................................................................. 66 6.5.1. Maximum bending moments ................................................................................................... 66 6.5.2. Moment of inertia ......................................................................................................................... 67 6.5.3. Deflection ......................................................................................................................................... 71 7. NUMERICAL DETERMINATION OF THE HULL GIRDER DEFLECTION .................................... 74 7.1. Model ........................................................................................................................................................