CULTURA CULTURA INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHILOSOPHY OF CULTURE CULTURA AND AXIOLOGY Founded in 2004, Cultura. International Journal of Philosophy of 2014 Culture and Axiology is a semiannual peer-reviewed journal devo- 1 2014 Vol XI No 1 ted to philosophy of culture and the study of value. It aims to pro- mote the exploration of different values and cultural phenomena in regional and international contexts. The editorial board encourages the submission of manuscripts based on original research that are judged to make a novel and important contribution to understan- ding the values and cultural phenomena in the contempo rary world. CULTURE AND AXIOLOGY CULTURE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHILOSOPHY INTERNATIONAL www.peterlang.com CULTURA 2014_265846_VOL_11_No1_GR_A5Br.indd.indd 1 14.05.14 17:43 CULTURA INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHILOSOPHY OF CULTURE AND AXIOLOGY Cultura. International Journal of Philosophy of Culture and Axiology E-ISSN (Online): 2065-5002 ISSN (Print): 1584-1057 Advisory Board Prof. Dr. David Altman, Instituto de Ciencia Política, Universidad Catolica de Chile, Chile Prof. Emeritus Dr. Horst Baier, University of Konstanz, Germany Prof. Dr. David Cornberg, University Ming Chuan, Taiwan Prof. Dr. Paul Cruysberghs, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium Prof. Dr. Nic Gianan, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Philippines Prof. Dr. Marco Ivaldo, Department of Philosophy “A. Aliotta”, University of Naples “Federico II”, Italy Prof. Dr. Michael Jennings, Princeton University, USA Prof. Dr. Maximiliano E. Korstanje, John F. Kennedy University, Buenos Aires, Argentina Prof. Dr. Richard L. Lanigan, Southern Illinois University, USA Prof. Dr. Christian Lazzeri, Université Paris Ouest Nanterre La Défense, France Prof. Dr. Massimo Leone, University of Torino, Italy Prof. Dr. Asunción López-Varela Azcárate, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain Prof. Dr. Christian Möckel, Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany Prof. Dr. Devendra Nath Tiwari, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India Prof. Dr. José María Paz Gago, University of Coruña, Spain Prof. Dr. Mario Perniola, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Italy Prof. Dr. Traian D. Stănciulescu, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University Iassy, Romania Prof. Dr. Steven Tötösy de Zepetnek, Purdue University & Ghent University Editorial Board Editor-in-Chief: Co-Editors: Prof. dr. Nicolae Râmbu Prof. dr. Aldo Marroni Faculty of Philosophy and Social- Facoltà di Scienze Sociali Political Sciences Università degli Studi G. d’Annunzio Alexandru Ioan Cuza University Via dei Vestini, 31, 66100 Chieti B-dul Carol I, nr. 11, 700506 Iasi, Romania Scalo, Italy [email protected] [email protected] Executive Editor: PD Dr. Till Kinzel Dr. Simona Mitroiu Englisches Seminar Human Sciences Research Department Technische Universität Braunschweig, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University Bienroder Weg 80, Lascar Catargi, nr. 54, 700107 Iasi, Romania 38106 Braunschweig, Germany [email protected] [email protected] Editorial Assistant: Dr. Marius Sidoriuc Designer: Aritia Poenaru Cultura International Journal of Philosophy of Culture and Axiology Vol. 10, No. 1 (2013) Editor-in-Chief Nicolae Râmbu Guest Editor: Abdul Rashid Moten Bibliographic Information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data is available in the internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de. Umschlagabbildung: © Aritia Poenaru ISSN 2065-5002 ISBN 978-3-631-64755-4 (,6%1 (%RRN '2, © Peter Lang GmbH Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften Frankfurt am Main 2013 All rights reserved. Peter Lang Edition is an Imprint of Peter Lang GmbH. Peter Lang – Frankfurt am Main · Bern · Bruxelles · New York · Oxford · Warszawa · Wien All parts of this publication are protected by copyright. Any utilisation outside the strict limits of the copyright law, without the permission of the publisher, is forbidden and liable to prosecution. This applies in particular to reproductions, translations, microfilming, and storage and processing in electronic retrieval systems. www.peterlang.de CONTENTS AXIOLOGY OF ISLAM Abdul Rashid Moten 7 Social Justice, Islamic State and Muslim Countries Maszlee Malik 25 The Role of Religion for an Alternative Sustainable Governance Theory Suwan Kim 47 Framing Arab Islam Axiology Published in Korean Newspapers Mohd Faizal Musa 67 Axiology of Pilgrimage: Malaysian Shi’ites Ziyarat in Iran and Iraq Haggag Ali 85 Secularism: from Solidity to Liquidity Aimillia Mohd Ramli 99 Decolonizing the Study of English Literature in a Muslim−Malaysian Context: An Argument for a Spiritual−based Comparative Paradigm Patrick Laude 119 Acceptance as a Door of Mercy: Riḍā in Islamic Spirituality Mohd Azizuddin Mohd Sani 141 Politico-Religious Values in Malaysia: Comparing Asian Values and Islam Hadhari Maximiliano E. Korstanje 167 Preemption and Terrorism. When the Future Governs 10.5840/cultura20131014 Cultura. International Journal of Philosophy of Culture and Axiology 10(1)/2013: 67–84 Axiology of Pilgrimage: Malaysian Shi’ites Ziyarat in Iran and Iraq1 Mohd Faizal Musa Institute Of Malay World and Civilization (ATMA) The National University of Malaysia (UKM) 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia [email protected] Abstract. The religious rites of Shia remain a mystery to Malaysia’s Sunnite majority. One such rite is the ziyarat (visits to sacred sites). This essay highlights the rituals conducted and performed by Malaysian Shi’ites during their seasonal pilgrimage to Iran and Iraq. Their rituals and behaviors during these pilgrimages to holy shrines in Iran and Iraq were documented from the standpoint of a cultural anthropologist. Rites from two sites, Mashad and Karbala, are presented in this study. Applying Herbert Blumer’s symbolic interactionism as a conceptual framework, and Charles Brooks’s methodology through social interaction and participant-observation, this essay aims to analyze and understand their rites, and the values and significance of these rites. By doing so, the axiological aspects of the rites were observed and clari- fied, thus enabling non Shi’ite Muslims to perceive greyest area of Shia rites, as per- formed by Shi’ites from Malaysia in their pilgrimage to Iran and Iraq. Keywords: Shi’ism, Karbala, Axiology, Sufism, religious ritual, symbolic interactionism INTRODUCTION In Islam, Shi’ism2 is very distinct from Sunnism, especially in the aspect of Imamology. This study is not intended to disseminate theological is- sues between Sunni and Shia, rather, it is grounded in cultural- anthropology, in order to understand axiological aspects of Shi’ism dur- ing pilgrimage. What, then, is the importance of the Imamate, or socio- religious leadership, to the Shi’ites? Karl Heinrich Gobel (1989: 4) an- swered this question in brief: According to Shi’ite doctrines, Muhammad had selected, through desig- nation (nas), Ali as his successor, and Caliph (Imam); Ali had in turn ap- pointed the next Caliph, and so forth. The particular attributes (sifat) of the Imams and, most of all, those of Ali are the criteria to which all rulers will have to adhere. The conditions (shurut) that a legitimate ruler must meet are nass (written statement), hikmah (wisdom), and afdaliyyah (seniority). 67 Mohd Faizal Musa / Axiology of Pilgrimage From the explanation above, it is clear that the Imamate is very central to Shia Islam. Imams are “responsible to the ummah from the perspective of Islamic government, of Islamic sciences and injunctions, and of leader- ship and innovative guidance in the spiritual life” (Sayyid Muhammad Hu- sayn Tabataba’i, 2007: 191). There are misperceptions that Shi’ites be- lieved and placed their Imam above the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh). The fact is Shi’ites believe that the role of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) is to re- ceive Divine injunctions, while the Imams are the guardians of Divine re- ligion. Therefore, after the event of the Prophet’s demise, Shi’ites saw the need for the role of the Imam. They believe Imams to be responsible for safeguarding the religion and guiding the ummah. To the Shi’ites, Imams are the real al Khulafa al Rashidun, the twelve Imams of the Pure Prophet’s Progeny (Muhamad al Tijani Samawi, 2000: 142). In addition, Shi’ites also believe that the “functions of Prophecy and Imamate may be joined in one person. As appointed to prophet Abraham and Prophet Muhammad saw” (Sayyid Muhammad Husayn Tabataba’i, 2007: 206−7). In sum, the Imam is “the person on whose shoulders lies the respon- sibility for the guidance of a community through Divine Command” and that he is “the most virtuous and perfect of men” (Sayyid Muhammad Husayn Tabataba’i, 2007: 211). The quotation below explains those per- sons that are regarded as Imams among the Shi’ites: Numerous prophetic hadiths have been transmitted in Shi’ism concerning the descrip- tion of the Imams, their number, the fact that they are all of the Quraysh and of the Household of the Prophet, and the fact that the promised Mahdi is among them and the last of them. Also, there are definitive words of the Prophet concerning the Imam- ate of Ali and his being the first Imam and also definitive utterances of the Prophet and Ali concerning the imamate of the second Imam the same way the Imams before have left definitive statements concerning the Imamate of these who were to come after them. According to these utterances contained in Twelve-Imam Shi’ite sources, the Imams are twelve in number and their holy names are as follows: Ali ibn Abi Talib, Hassan