William will be bom all of the sudden in the family just consisting of ordinary people. It is the positive side of the "inbreeding effect." Total nr"rmber of harmful and beneficial genes, mechanisms developing characters, etc. of horse must be different from those of humans, but the feature of the inbreeding is mutual. In this regard, it is necessary to understand that the inbreeding means inheriting the "identical gene" from botlr father and mother, under which the genofype of such an individual may be recessive homozygote. In such an instance, the relevant character is not hidden by the dominant allele, so that the "effect" of inbreeding comes out. Misunderstanding about Inbreeding Satono Crown has become the GI horse winning Hong Kong Vase of last year and won Takarazuka Kinen of this year as well. When his winning Hochi Hai Yayoi Sho (Ctl) of 2015, Shuho Kashiwagi, a Japanese race comrhentator whose selling point is a biting review but much to the point, said in his serial column on the website "netkeiba.com" that Satono Crown is in a state of the much incrossed, that is, the incross of Northern Dancer, Mr. Prospector, Buckpasser and Sir lvor is referred to in the 5-generation pedigree chart, which is associable with El Condor Pasa (which is well-known as the successful example ofthe inbred). We have to, however, precisely understand their inbreeding states respectively, for avoidance of any misunderstanding. Figure 10 on the fbllowing page is the 5-generation pedigree chart of Satono Crown, whose inbreeding state is usually expressed as if it is made up of four pieces of incross, i.e. Northern Dancer: 4x5, Mr. Prospector: 4x5, Buckpasser: 5x5 and Sir Ivor: 5x5. Nevertheless, the inbreeding of Mr. Prospector and Sir Ivor is just for his dam Jioconda, which "effect" does not reach Satono Crown in light of genetics, and he is never deemed the inbred of Mr. Prospector or Sir Ivor simply because his sire Marju has no genes of them. His inbreeding state expressed in detail is as follows: Northern Dancer: S4xD5 Mr. Prospector: D4xD5 Buckpasser: S5xD5 Sir lvor: D5xD5 "S" is as from sire, while "D" is as from dam. Let me reiterate that the "inbreeding effect" comes out ofinheriting the identical gene from both parents in parallel. Ifthe gene so inherited is the recessive gene "a," the character of which was hidden by its dominant allele "A," the genotype will be recessive homozygote "aa." Accordingly, the recessive character is no longer hidden by o'A," so that the "effect" comes out. In view of this, "SxS'r and "MxM" do not enjoy the said "effect." See William's pedigree chart (Figure 9) again. The probability that William inherits Tom's certain recessive gene doubly from both parents in parallel (i.e. its intrinsic character comes out of hiding as a result of the "inbreeding effect") is the resulted value of the "multiplication" (12.5%ox12.5%+ 1.56%). Meanwhile, in case of each of "SxS" and "MxM," one parent's side of the "multiplication" is 0o%; consequently, the result of itself is 0% mechanically. Incidentally, not the resulted value of the said "multiplication" but that of the "addition" (12.5%o+12.5%:25%) means the genetic quantity inherited from Tom to William. As an aside, the result of the "addition" in case of 2x4 incross is 31.25o/o (e.g. Northem Dancer as for Lammtarra) while that in case of 3x3 incross is25o/o (e.g. Northem Dancer as for Fusaichi Concorde), but both results of the "multiplication" are the same value of 1.56Yo. When examining the "inbreeding effect," the "multiplication" is more important than the "addition" (as stated in the paragraph "Value Standing for' lnbreeding Effect"' below). ln the meantime, Figure 1l on the page after next is the 5-generation pedigree chart of El Condor Pasa, and his inbreeding state is referred to below: -61 Northern Dancer: D3xS4 Native Dancer: S4xD5 Special: S4xD4 Forli: D4xD5xS5 Thong: D4xD5xS5 It is necessary for us to carefully understand the state of El Condor Pasa as well as that of Satono Crown. In El Condor Pasa's 5-generation pedigree chart, Special is referred to two times, i.e. (l) and (2) in Figure 11, and Forli is referred to three times. i.e. (3), (4) and (5) in it, but Forli is the sire of Special. Under the circumstances, the "inbreeding effect" between (3) and (4) has already been taken into consideration between (l) and (2) and should not be counted accordingly. Also, that between (a) and (5) should not be counted. Therefore, the "effect" ofForli should be counted between (3) and (5) only. Likewise, although Thong is referred to three times in Figure I I but is the dam of Special. Thus, the "effect" between (6) and (7) has already been taken into consideration between (l) and (2) and should 10: Satono Crown (Brown 2012) Northern Dancer Nearctic 1-ry My Best Natalma Sex Appeal Buckpasser ′ ノ Last T‐vcoon / ′ Elest in Shor.v ノ Mill Re€f/ Never Bend / イill Princcss ′ ..、 ノ Milanヽ 4ill / ´ ″ Irish Lass Saya.iirao ′ ′ / Scollata Marju / Round Tablc Princequillo / ノ / Artaius ′ Knights Daughtcr ″′ ´ ´′ ′ ′ Stvlish Pattcrn lv Babu ′Flmc ofLra ～ / ´ Sunset Gun ″ / / Welsh Pageant Tudor Melody ／ ′ ノ ｒ 夕 ″ / Wclsh Flamc Picture Light Ｃ ｒ Ｏ Ｗ ‐ Ｌ Satono 一 ． Electric Flash Crepello ・ ・ ・ ・ Ｚ ． ， ｏ Lightning Ｏ ｏ Mr. Prospector Raise a Native ● 1_ ｏ 一 ls、vaki Gttbi豪ぃ、_| Ｏ ｏ 一 HopespringsetJrnT - Buckpasser 言 ｏ ｏ Rossini Rose Bower ● 一 す 1「lcro s Honor Touch ofGreatness Northern Dancer ｏ ∽ Glorving Tribute / ｏ ノ Ivory Wand Nttashka ＼ Ｚ .lioconda Ｏ Machiavellian Mr. Prospector Ｏ ｀ Ｏ √cttori Ｃ Coup dc Folie う 一 Air Distingue Sir lvor I σ ｏ La Joconde 一 Euryanthe 〓 ｏ ① ● Pursuit of Love Groom Danccr 一 Lust コ Dance ｏ Quest ∽ ｏ Pato High Top Patosky ‐ 62‐ not be counted accordingly. Also, that between (7) and (8) should not be counted. Therefore, the "effect" of Thong should be counted between (6) and (8) only. Taking account of the foregoing and considering it just from a viewpoint of genetics, the inbreeding state of both Satono Crown and El Condor Pasa can be referred to as follows: Satono Crown: Northern Dancer: 4x5 Buckpasser: 5x5 El Condor Pasa: Northern Dancer: 3x4 Native Dancer: 4x5 Special:4x4 Forli:4x5 Thong:4x5 Essentially, the expression of the inbreeding state should be made as the above, and therefbre the re 11: EI Condor Pasa (Brown 1995) , Native Dancer Polynesian Raise a Native (3cisha Raise you Case Ace Mr. Prospector Lady Clorl / / Nashua Nasrullah /Gold Diggcr Segula Sequence Count Fleet Miss Dogrvood Kingmambo Northern Dancer Nearclic Nureyev Natalma ・ Special (1) For‖ (3＼ Micsq〕c...´ Thong ２ ´ ０ .ProvetiI Graustark ｏ Ｏ Ｃ ´ ´ 錦adめて ● ´ 』 Equal ´ 1 …=三 一 … ´´ Santa Quilla σ ■■ Sanctus ｏ 」 一 EIColdo lill」 言 1ヽ lcriad ｏ ① ● Nearctic Nearco ▼、▼.マ 、| 一 ｀■ す ^｀ _ ¬ ｏ ヽ、 ■_ | Lady Angela ∽ ● ｏ ＼ | ヽ.| Natalma Native ts_ヽ ヽ Sad101・ Viclls Alm ヽ ヽ Bold Reason Hail to Ｚ ＼ Ｏ ヽ FaiV Brid:e ｏ ＼ Lalun ｏ Ｃ ● ＼ Special (2) Forli (4) 一 Saddlcrs Gal ＼ σ ヽ ｏ 一 ヨ ヽ []old Reasoning lan ｏ ヽ /301dnよ ｏ ノ ● ＼ Slc、 v Reason tr r Earn 一 ヽ / す ｏ Mv Charmcr ∽ Poker ● Glenveagh Fair Char Incr ＼ Forli Aristopha ncs ＼ Lisadcll ヽ ＼ Trevisa Nantallah -\ough Sh )d No count between these No count between these 63 respective lnbreeding Values (as detailed below) are as follows Satono Crown: 0.20%+0.10%=0.30% EI Condor Pasa: 0.78%+0.20%+0.39%+0.20%+0.20%=1.77% Only taking a glance at the 5-generation pedigree charts, both Satono Crown and El Condor Pasa might be considered bred out of the state of the much incrossed, but the scientific value of the inbreeding is so different from each other. Tlre total Inbreeding Value of Satono Crown (:0.30%) is lower than 4x4 alone (:0.39/s), and that of El Condor Pasa (: I .77%) is higher than 2x4 or 3x3 (:1 .56%) but is lower than 2x3 (:3.13%;). P壺 」≧堅】里1_』 :_旦旦」!£ 二.I:塾 」!堅 :£ 1堅:重 2■_≦ :』:ニ ュL二堅:匹 L:聖E `2二 Such an expression as "This horse is out of 3x4 cross" has already become conventional in Japan. When did the Japan's racing circles begin to use such a word "cross," just referring to the inbreeding? If you look up the said word in a dictionary the meaning of the inbreeding or the like will not be found there except for that ofthe (out)breeding. I truly think that such wording as the above has led to misunderstanding about the inbreeding in the Japan's racing circles. Anyhow, the word such as "incross" should be used for expressing the inbreeding and the word such as oooutcross" should be used for expressing the outbreeding. Accordingly, if I write for commercial publications with respect to the inbreeding in future, I will avoid using the word "cfoss" under the editor's agreement. In the meantime, "SxS" and "DxD" are never called the inbreeding as explained above; however, most of racing publications and websites refer to them without clarifying S and D. Northern Taste (the Japan's greatest sire in the 1980s) is out of 2x3 incross of Lady Angela; thus, all of his crops are to be expressed as out of3x4 incross ofLadyAngela, after all... Persons whose parents are cousins are out of 3x3 incross, and if any of them marries to someone. will their kids have any genetic effects and risks out of 4x4 incross? That can't be!! To put it in extreme terms, if there is a person bom out of an illicit relationship, e.g.