T U R A S TRANSITIONING TOWARDS URBAN RESILIENCE AND SUSTAINABILITY FORMS OF URBAN G R O W T H I N SOUTHEAST EUROPE: T R A N S I T I O N I N G TOWARDS URBAN R E S I L I E N C E A N D S U S T A I N A B I L I T Y VOLUME 1 Edited by Atanas Kovachev Aleksandar D. Slaev Diliana Daskalova 1 T U R A S TRANSITIONING TOWARDS URBAN RESILIENCE AND SUSTAINABILITY This book has been prepared and published with the financial support by the European Union FP7-ENV.2011.2.1.5-1 (TURAS Project) Grant Agreement no. 282834. Information about the TURAS Project is available on the Internet at http://www.turas-cities.org/ Edited by Atanas Kovachev, Aleksandar D. Slaev and Diliana Daskalova Copiright: Reproduction is authorised, provided the source is acknowledged. Citation Kovachev, A., A.D. Slaev, and D. Daskalova, 2016. Forms of Urban Growth in Southeast Europe: Transitioning Towards Urban Resilience and Sustainability. Varna: Varna Free University. Reviewers Valeri Ivanov University of Architecture, Civil Engineering and Geodesy, Sofia Borislav Borisov University of Structural Engineering & Architecture, Sofia Published by Varna Free University “Chernorizets Hrabar” KK “Chaika”, Varna 9007, Bulgaria in cooperation with Institute of Architecture and Urban & Spatial Planning of Serbia Bulevar Kralja Aleksandra 73/II, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia Printed by Reklama consult EOOD 18 “Zhelezni vrata” St, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria ISBN 978-954-305-428-2 2 T U R A S TRANSITIONING TOWARDS URBAN RESILIENCE AND SUSTAINABILITY Content Foreword .................................................................................................................... 7 1. Urban Growth and Urbanization on Sofiа, Belgrade and Rome: the Interaction between Urban Planning and the Market – A. Kovachev, A.D. Slaev, P. Nikolov, D. Daskalova, M. Vujošević, S. Zeković, J. Petrić, N. Krunić, T. Maričić, T. Bajić, M. Salvemini, L. Berardi ..................... 13 1.1. Introduction ...................................................................................................... 15 1.2. Processes of expansion in Sofia, Rome and Belgrade – urban growth or sprawl? ......................................................................................................... 19 1.2.1. Comparison of population dynamics in urbanized areas in Sofia, Rome and Belgrade ..................................................................................... 21 1.2.2 Demographic trends in central and peripheral areas ................................... 27 1.3. Preferences of the population – market demand as a major determinant of urban development ....................................................................................... 39 1.3.1. Historical development in Sofia, Belgrade and Rome and the formation of a specific type of market demand .......................................... 39 1.3.2. Analysis of current residential preferences and motives of in Sofia, Belgrade and Rome ..................................................................................... 45 1.4. Availability of lands for urbanization in suburban areas of Sofia, Belgrade and Rome .......................................................................................... 57 1.4.1. Geographical, historical and other local factors for availability of land for urban expansion ............................................................................. 57 1.4.2. Legislation and national / regional systems of planning and regulation of land supply and access to land resources ............................... 62 1.4.3. Provisions made in general/ master plans and access to land resources ..................................................................................................... 78 1.4.4. Results of the interaction between market and urban planning and current suburban trends and market processes in Sofia, Belgrade and Rome .................................................................................................... 95 3 T U R A S TRANSITIONING TOWARDS URBAN RESILIENCE AND SUSTAINABILITY 1.5. Conclusions on the role of urban planning in regulating the processes of urban growth in Sofia, Belgrade and Rome and guidelines for developing specific rules and regulations ...................................................... 119 1.5.1. Conclusions on the role of urban planning in Sofia .................................. 119 1.5.2. Conclusions on the role of urban planning in Belgrade ............................ 122 1.5.3. Conclusions on the role of urban planning in Rome ................................. 127 2. Policy Recommendations: Regulations Aimed at Promoting Sustaunable and Resilient Urban Growth .................................................... 137 2.1. Proposal for measures and rules aimed to regulate the processes of uncontrolled expansion and urban sprawl in suburban areas of Sofia metropolitan municipality – A.D. Slaev and A. Kovachev ............... 139 2.1.1. Introduction ............................................................................................... 139 2.1.2. Objectives and measures for optimization of the urbanization processes in suburban areas of Sofia metropolitan municipality and limiting sprawl-shaped urban expansion .................................................. 139 2.1.3. Proposal for the zoning of Sofia municipality suburban territory. Determination of taxation and municipal fees as tools for optimizing urbanization processes and limiting sprawl-shaped urban expansion in suburban areas of the metropolitan municipality .............................................................................................. 153 2.2. Preparation of planning and development regulations concerning peripheral territories of the city of Rome – M. Salvemini and L. Berardi ............................................................................................................ 169 2.2.1. Introduction ............................................................................................... 169 2.2.2 . Proposed measure ..................................................................................... 170 2.2.3. Conclusive considerations ........................................................................ 174 3. Policy Recommendations: Fiscal Zoning Tools Promoting Sustainable Urban Growth and Regulating Urban Sprawl ........................ 177 3.1. Fiscal zoning tools for balancing urban expansion – A. Kovachev and A.D. Slaev ............................................................................................... 179 3.2. Local charges and taxes as payments for ecosystem services – A.D. Slaev and A. Kovachev .................................................................................. 183 3.2.1. Classifications of ecosystem services ....................................................... 183 3.2.2 . Application of the market price method to estimate the value of provisioning services of lands in Sofia’s suburban areas.......................... 188 4 T U R A S TRANSITIONING TOWARDS URBAN RESILIENCE AND SUSTAINABILITY 3.2.3. Application of a cost-based method to estimate the value of the habitat services of lands in Sofia’s suburban areas ................................... 192 3.2.4. Methodological arguments for assessment of the value of ecosystem services of lands in Sofia’s suburban areas ............................. 195 3.3. Cost assessment of suburban infrastructure development – Y. Lyubenov ....................................................................................................... 199 3.3.1. Value of the technical infrastructure ......................................................... 200 3.3.2 . Value of the social infrastructure .............................................................. 209 3.3.3. Total value of infrastructure...................................................................... 212 3.4. Fiscal zoning tools for regulation of suburban development – A.D. Slaev and A. Kovachev .................................................................................. 213 3.4.1. Layer structure of the system of fiscal zoning .......................................... 213 3.4.2 . Monitoring and dynamic management ..................................................... 219 4. Working Papers and Research Reports ........................................................ 223 4.1. Demographic development of the districts of Sofia – A. Kovachev and A.D. Slaev ............................................................................................... 225 4.2. Study of Sofia residents’ preferences and motivations regarding peri-urban development – A.D. Slaev and A. Kovachev ........................... 229 4.3. Survey of Bulgarian (national) planning and regulation acts and documents concerning urban sprawl – P. Nikolov .................................... 241 3.4. Population and urban growth in the outskirts of Sofia, Belgrade and Rome – P. Nikolov ................................................................................. 249 3.5. Polycentricity as an instrument of balanced development in the General Urban Development Plan of Sofia – A. Kovachev, A.D. Slaev and Y. Lyubenov .................................................................................. 277 3.6. The role of public transport for sustainable urban development – H. Topchiev .................................................................................................... 295 5 T U R A S TRANSITIONING TOWARDS URBAN RESILIENCE AND SUSTAINABILITY 11.. URBAN GROWTH