Landscape design guidelines for Karachi City, Pakistan Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Syed, Rizwan Husain, 1960- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 04/10/2021 00:24:30 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/291900 INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. 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Contact UMI directly to order. A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor. Ml 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 LANDSCAPE DESIGN GUIDE LINES FOR KARACHI CITY-PAKISTAN by Rizwan Husain Syed A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the SCHOOL OF RENEWABLE NATURAL RESOURCES In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of MASTER OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 199 5 OMI Number: 1362214 •MI Microform 1362214 Copyright 1995, by OMI Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 2 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This thesis has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under the rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgement of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate college when in his or her judgement the proposed use of the materials is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNED: APPROVAL BY THE THESIS DIRECTOR This thesis has been approved on the date shown below: DONOVAN WILKIN Date Associate Professor of Landscape Architecture J 1 (<>/?6" WILLIAM H. HAVENS Date Professor of Landscape Architecture , It&l'U'-l: I-'-'"', /f\ <-t WARREN JONES^ Date Emeretus Professor of Landscape Architecture 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENT This Thesis was funded, by the UNCHS (Habitat), UNITED NATIONS. I would like to thank Mark Brown, Dr. Jonathan Wager advisor to UN for their help, encouragement and financial support in materializing this studies from the beginning. I would like thank to committee chair Prof. Donovan Wilkin for encouraging me to pursue this degree and sharing his appreciation, especially thanks for doing boring stuff like editing. I would like to thank my committee members Prof. William Haven and Waren Jones for their sincere advises & technical backup. Thanks to American Planning Association Library staff members for their generosity and unconditional support. Especial thanks to my respected parents and elders due to them I am successful in my life. My deep appreciation goes to my wife Shaeena Ausaf for her wisdom and unfailing support, without which I would not have finished graduate school. Thanks to my little angeles Bushra, Sidrah and Umara for providing spiritual support and energy when needed. I am also very grateful to Mark Fedrockson, Randy Gimblett, Mohammad Yousaf, Umer, Sohaib, Manzar, Waheed, Yasmin Al-Mutawa, Michel Anderson, Jasmine, Hayrie who have been consistently supportive, encouraging, and honest throughout this process. Dedicated to Mohammad Ali Jinnah & Hakim Syed Mohammad Abdullah Nadvi 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES 7 ABSTRACT 8 I. CHAPTER . INTRODUCTION 9 II. CHAPTER , DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA 12 Brief History of Karachi 12 Karachi - Escalation Of crises 17 Environmental Characteristic 22 Environmental Problem 28 III. LITERATURE REVIEW 31 The Landscape Approach 33 Vegetation as a tool to mitigate the environment 37 Islamic Traditions and Environmental Ethics 41 Landscape in the Religion 45 Principles of Islam 46 IV. CHAPTER, ANALYSES OF EXISTING LANDSCAPE GUIDELINES .... 52 Landscape Bufferyard Standards 58 Parking Lot Standards 64 Perimeter Landscape Strip 68 Supplemental Landscape Requirements 70 6 Xeriscape and Water Conservation 71 Tree Protection Standards 72 Shade Coverage Requirement 74 Maintenance Standards 75 Safety Standards 78 Installation Standards 79 V. CHAPTER, DEVELOPMENT OF MODEL LANDSCAPE CODE FOR KARACHI 82 VI. CHAPTER , SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 113 APPENDIX A 119 APPENDIX B 157 APPENDIX C 167 REFERENCE 182 7 LIST OF FIGURES Fig. 1 MP&ECD Analysis Zone Boundaries 13 Fig. 2 List of the Concerns Documented by Different Communities 53 Fig. 3 Analyses of Selected Landscape Regulations 55 Fig. 4 Representation of Guidelines Concerns By the Various Communities 57 8 ABSTRACT This study examines landscape regulations and their potential to improve the urban environments of developing countries. The literature on environmental problems of developing countries suggests that landscape solutions must be both economic and environmentally sound. Religion and cultural ethics are the basis for landscape values in the Muslim society. Religion governs Muslims. The religious landscape values would be readily acceptable by Islamic society when used as an implementation strategy. Model landscape guidelines are presented for Karachi, Pakistan which should be helpful in preparing actual landscape regulations. Karachi's economic constraints pose unavoidable restrictions. Setting up design standards requires a careful and realistic approach. Suggestions are made to build up a conceptual policy umbrella at the national, and provincial level, providing a basis for developing landscape regulations by local governments. 9 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Karachi, Pakistan experiences natural cycles in climate involving prolonged periods of reduced rainfall and water shortages, as well as short periods of high rainfall intensity, flooding and erosion. With the rapid urbanization, commercial and residential development has also caused deforestation and an increase in air temperatures. The level of poisonous gases has been raised in the atmosphere primarily due to high level of unchecked industrial smoke, increasing traffic and complete lack of environmental control policies. "Studies have been made on the quality of air pollutants from some industries as well as other sources. An urban center like Karachi, having a population of more than 10 million, is confronted with eye-irritation, reduced visibility, heart diseases, nervous disorder, recurrent smog and other unpleasant experiences (Ahmed, Rehman, 1 990). The present city of Karachi planning and building control regulations, being more of the "engineering" type, do not address these critical environmental issues. In the past we have designed our cities from an engineering perspective. We have looked at land use, buildings, and roads-as well as our natural resources of soil, water, vegetation, and air- based on how well they support civilization. That's important but also important is how well those elements support vegetation. In the rush to make our cities modern marvels we have fine-tuned nature out of the design process, 10 ignoring the ecosystem cycles of energy, nutrients, air, and water (Kollin C., 1994). Beside deficiencies in environmental control regulations and lack of management in air quality control, landscape regulations are completely missing. The purpose of this research is to discuss landscape regulations and their importance for improving the urban environments considering the following conditions: i) To aid in stabilizing the environment's ecological balance by contributing to the process of air purification, oxygen regeneration, ground-water recharge and storm water runoff retardation, while at the same time aiding in noise, glare, and heat abatement. ii) To provide visual buffering between land uses of differing character. iii) To enhance the beautification of the city. iv) To safeguard and enhance property values and to protect public and private investment. v) To conserve energy and water. vi) To provide habitat for wildlife. The guidelines