Lorenzo Nigro Lorenzo Nigro Rome “La Sapienza” University Department of Historical, Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences of Antiquity-Sec- tion Near East Via Palestro, 63, 00185 Rome e-mail: [email protected] Khirbat al-Batråwπ: a Case Study of third Millennium BC Early Urbanism in North-Central Jordan Premise 3- The levels and trajectories of interaction and The rise of urbanization in Transjordan during the exchange between communities and regions, third millennium BC, which was a development through the Jordan valley, Palestine, southern of the Early Bronze Age culture that emerged in Syria and the coastal Levant (Esse 1991). the region during the last centuries of the fourth 4- The physical remains of these early settlements, millennium BC (Kenyon 1957: 93-102; Esse 1989: in which meaningful public architecture – na- 82-85; Nigro 2005: 1-6, 109-110, 197-202, 2007a: mely, massive fortification works – first appear 36-38), is a distinct historic-archaeological pheno- (Kempinski 1992; Herzog 1997: 42-97; Nigro menon which has attracted the attention of scho- 2006b). There is general consensus that these lars aiming to produce a reliable definition of early fortifications, often referred to in the context urbanism, if indeed it existed, in this fringe area of “walled towns” or “fortified settlements” of the Levant. After coping with terminological is- (Schaub 1982; Schaub and Chesson 2007), are sues, derived mainly from the fact that ‘urbanism’ the most meaningful witnesses of early southern in this region of the ancient Near East was very Levantine urban culture. much a local phenomenon with its own character- Scientific debate has focused on paradigms, istics (Liverani 1999: 227-231; Rast 2001; Green- models and interpretations2 because empirical data berg 2002)1, scholars have attempted to elucidate have been sparse, frequently only partially pub- the different implications of the rise of urbanism lished and difficult to compare on both typological as reflected — if indeed it is reflected — in the -ar and stratigraphical / chronological grounds3. Theo- chaeological record. These include: retical studies have proliferated, alongside anthro- 1- The social organization of early communities, pological and sociological explanations, while the introducing concepts such as heterarchical so- gap between hard evidence and more general histo- ciety, or urbanism within a chiefdom model of rical reconstruction has become wider and wider. social organization (Gophna 1995; Philip 2001: 166-168). Looking for an “Urban” Phenomenon: The Case 2- The economic basis of such groups (Esse 1989: Study of Khirbat al-Batråwπ 88-89) and their relationship with landscape, A preliminary step in conducting a regional study shifting from adaptation to territorial domina- of human settlement and social organization, as re- tion (Philip 2003). flected in the spatial distribution of communities 1 The use of terms as ‘urbanism’, ‘urbanisation’ and ‘city’ to define several dedicated studies (Joffe 1993; Gophna 1995; Finkelstein the Palestinian and Transjordanian phenomenon is up to now a 1995; Philip 2001; 2003; Rast 2001; Chesson and Philip 2003; matter of discussion (firstly, Schaub 1982: 67; Seger 1989: note 1), Harrison and Savage 2003). because of its restricted and local character in comparison with the 3 The major EB II-III settlements in Jordan were the following (from Mesopotamian and Egyptian urban experiences (Liverani 1986); north to south): Tall al-Óußn/Irbid, Khirbat az-Zayraqøn, Tall al- on this issue see also: Philip 2001: 163-168; Chesson and Philip Óußn/Pella, Tall Abø al-Kharaz, Tall al-Óandaqøq North, Tall 2003; Rast and Schaub 2003: 17; Savage et al. 2007, suggesting as-Sa‘πdiyah, Tall al-Óandaqøq South, Khirbat al-Batråwπ, Tall al- caution in employing such a terminology in the Southern Levan- ‘Umayrπ, Khirbat Iskandar, al-Lajjøn, Båb adh-Dhrå‘, Numayra, tine context. but just a few of them have been thoroughly investigated and sys- 2 A turning point dealing with this issue was the Emmaus Collo- tematically published. quium organized in 1986 (de Miroschedji ed. 1989), followed by -657- LORENZO NIGRO within a given area, is to establish a site hierarchy exchange, long-distance trade, road networks and on the basis of settlement size and location (Fin- monumental architecture. kelstein 1995: 55-64). It is an approximate process, however, as each cantonal area would have had its The Origins of the City: Urban Catalysts in the own territorial resources which would, in turn, have Upper Wådπ az-Zarqå’ influenced settlement size and location (Liverani The development of a fortified settlement at Khir- 1999: 227-231). Nonetheless, site size is generally bat al-Batråwπ during Early Bronze Age II, or the accepted as being an approximate reflection of site first centuries of the third millennium BC, has been rank. On this basis, a series of key sites can eas- investigated as a case study in the upper Wådπ az- ily be identified in different parts of Early Bronze Zarqå’ area by the Rome “La Sapienza” University Age II - III Jordan, e.g. Khirbat az-Zayraqøn, Tall expedition to Palestine and Jordan. al-Óußn / Pella, Khirbat al-Batråwπ, Båb adh-Dhrå‘ The upper Wådπ az-Zarqå’, from the river’s and possibly al-Lajjøn. These sites provide plentiful sources in ‘Ammån down to its confluence with information on different aspects of early urbaniza- Wådπ a∂-Îulayl (Nigro ed. 2006: 4-8), provides a tion in Jordan. However, a coherent picture has yet series of geo-ecological niches that are extremely to be sketched out, owing to differences between favourable for human occupation. The most fa- areas and incomplete archaeological data. mous of these, for the Pre-Pottery Neolithic period, In this context, the archaeological survey car- is ‘Ayn Ghazål (Rollefson and Kafafi 2007; Sim- ried out by Rome “La Sapienza” University in the mons 2007: 176-181), situated close to one of the Upper Wådπ az-Zarqå’4 and subsequent excava- sources of the river (Douglas 2006: 49). During the tions at the Early Bronze Age II - III site of Khir- Chalcolithic period, the valley6 seems to have been bat al-Batråwπ (FIG. 1) — the main focus of the only sparsely occupied, but in the Early Bronze project5— have provided a unique opportunity to Age the area attracted semi-nomadic groups who study urban origins and developments in north — gradually settled in encampments, hamlets and vil- central Jordan on the basis of a reliable set of fresh lages along the banks of the river and on the hills data. It has the potential to provide insights into the overlooking it (Kafafi in press: fig. 2). basic issues involved in any attempt to define this “urban” phenomenon, viz. relationships with lands- From EB I Villages to Urban Formation: Synecism cape, the gradual shift from village-based subsis- and Catalysts tence to urban economies (involving accumulation, EB I rural villages were distributed along the ri- specialized food production and craftsmanship), ver’s banks from its sources — one major site was 1. General view of the site of Khirbat al- Batråwπ from north, with the EB II city-wall and city-gate (2007). 4 This regional study was started by G. Palumbo in 1993 and car- tions at Khirbat al-Batråwπ; to the Inspector Romil Ghrayib and ried on systematically until 1999 (Palumbo, G. et al. 1996, 1997; to the colleagues of the Queen Rania’s Institute of Tourism and Caneva et al. 2001). The survey was then resumed in 2004 under Cultural Heritage of the Hashemite University of az-Zarqå‘. The the direction of the writer, as a corollary research activity of the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs has also given a basic financial systematic excavations at Khirbat al-Batråwπ (Nigro 2006a: 229- support to the project, as well as Rome “La Sapienza” University; 230; Nigro ed. 2006: vii-viii, 1-8). to all the Academic Authorities responsible of this contribution, 5 The preliminary reports on the first season (2005) were published the Rector, Prof. Renato Guarini, the Vice-Rector Prof. Paolo Mat- in 2006 (Nigro 2006a; Nigro ed. 2006; Nigro 2007b). I take the thiae, and the Dean of the Faculty of Humanistic Sciences, Prof. opportunity of this conference to thank deeply the General Di- Roberto Antonelli, is addressed my deepest thank. rector Dr. Fawwaz al-Khraysheh for the strong help given by the 6 No real Chalcolithic settlements but only two seasonal encamp- Department of Antiquities to the project of archaeological investi- ments were found during surveys carried out in the Upper Wådπ gations in the Upper Wådπ az-Zarqå‘ and, namely, to the excava- az-Zarqå‘ (Palumbo et al. 1996: 385; Douglas 2006: 49). -658- KHIRBAT AL-BATRÅW∏: A CASE STUDY OF THIRD MILLENNIUM BC 2. Early Bronze Age sites in Wådπ az-Zarqå’. ‘Ammån Citadel itself (Douglas 2006: 50-51) — down to the point where the river swings round to the west, where a number of large sites were clustered around a major religious centre, Jabal al- Mu†awwaq — one of the largest EB I sites in Jor- dan (Hanbury-Tenison 1987: 132; Douglas 2006: 51-52; Fernández-Tresguerrez Velasco 2004, 2005; Polcaro and Polcaro 2006). These sites of the mid- dle Wådπ az-Zarqå’ were concentrated on its north bank. This is in stark contrast to the upper reaches of the wadi, where hamlets and villages were more 3. The site of al-Junaynah, on the western bank of the Wådπ evenly distributed. The main site in this area was az-Zarqå’, south of Khirbat al-Batråwπ. Junaynah (FIG. 3), a 3 ha. village located on a flat terrace overlooking the west bank of the river just upper Wådπ az-Zarqå’8, a strategic location which 1.5km. south-west of Khirbat al-Batråwπ7. Junay- controlled a ford and relatively large area of culti- nah and al-Batråwπ are in the central part of the vable land9.