Buckingham Buckinghamshire Historic Towns Assessment Report The Manor House, Buckingham The Buckinghamshire Historic Towns Project was carried out between 2008 and 2012 by Buckinghamshire County Council with the sponsorship of English Heritage and the support of Aylesbury Vale District Council © Buckinghamshire County Council 2008 Report produced by David Green and Ruth Beckley Historical documentary report by Dr Kim Taylor-Moore All the mapping contained in this report is based upon the Ordnance Survey mapping with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationary Office © Crown copyright. All rights reserved 100021529 (2008) All Historic Photographs are reproduced courtesy of the Centre for Buckinghamshire Studies unless otherwise stated. Copies of this report and further information can be obtained from: Buckinghamshire County Council Planning Advisory and Compliance Service, Place Service, Buckinghamshire County Council County Hall Aylesbury Bucks HP20 1UY Tel: 01296 382656 Email: [email protected] Buckingham Historic Town Assessment Summary .................................................................................................................................................. 5 I DESCRIPTION................................................................................................................................... 8 1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 8 1.1 Project Background and Purpose ............................................................................................ 8 1.2 Aims ......................................................................................................................................... 8 2 Setting ............................................................................................................................................... 9 2.1 Location, Topography & Geology ............................................................................................ 9 2.2 Historic Landscape................................................................................................................... 9 3 Brief History of Settlement............................................................................................................ 16 3.1 Summary of Anglo Saxon Buckingham ................................................................................. 16 3.2 Summary of Medieval Buckingham (1066-1536)................................................................... 16 3.3 Summary of Post Medieval Buckingham (1536-1800) .......................................................... 16 3.4 Summary of Modern Buckingham (post 1800) ...................................................................... 16 4 Evidence.......................................................................................................................................... 23 4.1 Historic Maps.......................................................................................................................... 23 4.2 Documentary Evidence .......................................................................................................... 23 4.3 Built Heritage.......................................................................................................................... 23 4.4 Archaeological Evidence........................................................................................................ 24 4.5 Environmental Evidence ........................................................................................................ 28 5 Archaeological & Historical Development................................................................................... 29 5.1 Prehistoric period (c.10,000 BC – AD 43).............................................................................. 29 5.2 Roman period (AD 43 – 410) ................................................................................................. 29 5.3 Saxon synthesis (AD 410 – 1066) ......................................................................................... 36 5.4 Medieval synthesis (1066-1536) ............................................................................................ 41 5.5 Post medieval synthesis and components (1536-1800) ........................................................ 51 5.6 Modern synthesis and components (1800-Present) .............................................................. 55 6 Historic Urban Zones..................................................................................................................... 61 6.1 Introduction............................................................................................................................. 61 6.2 Historic Urban Zones ............................................................................................................. 61 6.3 Archaeological Assessment................................................................................................... 61 6.4 Historic Settlement ................................................................................................................. 64 6.5 Modern Settlement................................................................................................................. 70 II ASSESSMENT ............................................................................................................................. 75 7 Designations................................................................................................................................... 75 7.1 Conservation Areas (CA) ....................................................................................................... 75 7.2 Scheduled Ancient Monuments ............................................................................................. 76 7.3 Registered Parks and Gardens.............................................................................................. 76 8 Summary and Potential ................................................................................................................. 76 8.1 Historic Character .................................................................................................................. 76 8.2 Archaeological Potential......................................................................................................... 76 III RESEARCH AGENDA.................................................................................................................78 9 Research Agenda ........................................................................................................................... 78 10 References .................................................................................................................................. 80 10.1 Map Sources .......................................................................................................................... 80 10.2 Trade Directories.................................................................................................................... 80 10.3 Bibliography............................................................................................................................ 80 10.4 Websites................................................................................................................................. 83 11 Addresses ................................................................................................................................... 83 12 Appendix 1: Chronology & Glossary of Terms ....................................................................... 84 12.1 Chronology (taken from Unlocking Buckinghamshire’s Past Website).................................. 84 12.2 Glossary of Terms.................................................................................................................. 84 13 Appendix 1: HER Records .........................................................................................................86 13.1 Monuments HER Report........................................................................................................ 86 13.2 Landscapes HER Reports...................................................................................................... 90 13.3 Find Spots .............................................................................................................................. 90 13.4 Listed Buildings ...................................................................................................................... 94 14 Appendix 4: Trade Listings and Population Data ................................................................. 100 3 Buckingham Historic Town Assessment 15 Appendix 5: Historical Consultancy Report .......................................................................... 102 15.1 Medieval Records (to 1500)............................................................................................... 102 15.2 Early Modern Records (1500-1800) .................................................................................. 106 15.3 Modern Records (Post 1800)............................................................................................. 113 15.4 Key issues and recommendations for further study...................................................... 114 List of Illustrations Figure 1: Buckingham in location ...........................................................................................................