NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ORGANIZATION ORGANIZATION AC/323(IST-077)TP/497 www.sto.nato.int STO TECHNICAL REPORT TR-IST-077 Cognitive Radio in NATO (La radio cognitive au sein de l’OTAN) Findings of Task Group IST-077. Published January 2014 Distribution and Availability on Back Cover NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ORGANIZATION ORGANIZATION AC/323(IST-077)TP/479 www.sto.nato.int STO TECHNICAL REPORT TR-IST-077 Cognitive Radio in NATO (La radio cognitive au sein de l’OTAN) Findings of Task Group IST-077. The NATO Science and Technology Organization Science & Technology (S&T) in the NATO context is defined as the selective and rigorous generation and application of state-of-the-art, validated knowledge for defence and security purposes. S&T activities embrace scientific research, technology development, transition, application and field-testing, experimentation and a range of related scientific activities that include systems engineering, operational research and analysis, synthesis, integration and validation of knowledge derived through the scientific method. In NATO, S&T is addressed using different business models, namely a collaborative business model where NATO provides a forum where NATO Nations and partner Nations elect to use their national resources to define, conduct and promote cooperative research and information exchange, and secondly an in-house delivery business model where S&T activities are conducted in a NATO dedicated executive body, having its own personnel, capabilities and infrastructure. The mission of the NATO Science & Technology Organization (STO) is to help position the Nations’ and NATO’s S&T investments as a strategic enabler of the knowledge and technology advantage for the defence and security posture of NATO Nations and partner Nations, by conducting and promoting S&T activities that augment and leverage the capabilities and programmes of the Alliance, of the NATO Nations and the partner Nations, in support of NATO’s objectives, and contributing to NATO’s ability to enable and influence security and defence related capability development and threat mitigation in NATO Nations and partner Nations, in accordance with NATO policies. The total spectrum of this collaborative effort is addressed by six Technical Panels who manage a wide range of scientific research activities, a Group specialising in modelling and simulation, plus a Committee dedicated to supporting the information management needs of the organization. • AVT Applied Vehicle Technology Panel • HFM Human Factors and Medicine Panel • IST Information Systems Technology Panel • NMSG NATO Modelling and Simulation Group • SAS System Analysis and Studies Panel • SCI Systems Concepts and Integration Panel • SET Sensors and Electronics Technology Panel These Panels and Group are the power-house of the collaborative model and are made up of national representatives as well as recognised world-class scientists, engineers and information specialists. In addition to providing critical technical oversight, they also provide a communication link to military users and other NATO bodies. The scientific and technological work is carried out by Technical Teams, created under one or more of these eight bodies, for specific research activities which have a defined duration. These research activities can take a variety of forms, including Task Groups, Workshops, Symposia, Specialists’ Meetings, Lecture Series and Technical Courses The content of this publication has been reproduced directly from material supplied by STO or the authors. Published January 2014 Copyright © STO/NATO 2014 All Rights Reserved ISBN 978-92-837-0183-5 Single copies of this publication or of a part of it may be made for individual use only by those organisations or individuals in NATO Nations defined by the limitation notice printed on the front cover. The approval of the STO Information Management Systems Branch is required for more than one copy to be made or an extract included in another publication. Requests to do so should be sent to the address on the back cover. ii STO-TR-IST-077 Table of Contents Page List of Figures/Tables v List of Acronyms vii Programme Committee ix Executive Summary and Synthèse ES-1 Chapter 1 – Introduction 1-1 1.1 Frequency Management in NATO 1-2 1.2 Expected Benefits of Cognitive Radio for NATO 1-5 1.3 Report Overview 1-6 1.4 References 1-7 Chapter 2 – Cognitive Radio in Network Centric Operations 2-1 2.1 Characterization of the Electromagnetic Environment and Spectrum Requirements in Network Centric Operations 2-1 2.2 Cognitive Radio in Network Centric Operations, Benefits and Risks 2-2 2.3 CDSA in Network Centric Operations 2-5 2.4 Summary: Comparison of CDSA and CR in NCO 2-9 2.5 References 2-9 Chapter 3 – Net Enable Capabilities and Cognitive Radio 3-1 3.1 Foreword 3-1 3.2 Net Centricity 3-1 3.3 Cognitive Radio 3-1 3.4 Main Concepts of NCO 3-1 3.5 Layers of Interoperability 3-4 3.6 NCO Impacts on Cognitive Radio 3-7 3.7 Conclusion 3-8 3.8 References 3-9 Chapter 4 – Adaptive Wireless Networks 4-1 4.1 Introduction 4-1 4.2 Background Material 4-1 4.3 Research Challenges 4-3 4.4 References 4-4 STO-TR-IST-077 iii Chapter 5 – How Dynamic is the Need? 5-1 5.1 Dynamics of Heterogeneous Environment 5-1 5.2 Propagation 5-1 5.3 Waveforms 5-2 5.4 Interference 5-2 5.5 Time-Scales 5-3 5.6 References 5-4 Chapter 6 – Defensive and Offensive through Coordinated Dynamic Spectrum Access 6-1 6.1 Introduction 6-1 6.2 Coordinated Dynamic Spectrum Access 6-1 6.3 Electronic Warfare (EW) 6-4 6.4 Defensive and Offensive through CDSA 6-5 6.5 Conclusion and Outlook 6-7 6.6 Acknowledgments 6-7 6.7 References 6-7 Chapter 7 – Technical Solutions for Cognitive Radio Systems 7-1 7.1 Theory vs. Reality for Spectrum Sharing 7-1 7.2 Game Theory 7-6 7.3 Iterative Water Filling 7-12 7.4 Architecture and Protocols 7-30 7.5 References 7-32 Chapter 8 – Simulation Methodologies 8-1 8.1 Introduction 8-1 8.2 Simulation Concept 8-2 8.3 Operating Environnent 8-2 8.4 Missions 8-2 8.5 Services Description 8-3 8.6 Performance Assessment 8-5 8.7 Other Issues 8-7 8.8 References 8-7 Chapter 9 – Scenarios and Vignettes 9-1 9.1 Introduction to the Vignette Based Modeling 9-1 9.2 RTG035 Vignette Derivation: Preventing the Hijacking of an Aid Convoy Vignette 9-1 9.3 Vignette Mapping According to Simulation Methodology 9-9 9.4 References 9-11 Chapter 10 – Conclusions and Recommendations 10-1 iv STO-TR-IST-077 List of Figures/Tables Figure Page Figure 1-1 Frequency Utilisation in the 30-1300 MHz Frequency Band (Top) Maximum Power Versus Frequency, (bottom) Spectrum Occupation in % of Time 1-1 Figure 1-2 NATO C3 Board Structure 1-2 Figure 1-3 ISAF Frequency Management Structure 1-4 Figure 3-1 NCO Domains (Source: NCOIC) 3-2 Figure 3-2 NCO Value Chain (Source: NCOIC) 3-3 Figure 3-3 Example of Land Ad-hoc COIs 3-3 Figure 3-4 Architecture Views 3-4 Figure 3-5 Interoperability Levels (Source: NCOIC) 3-5 Figure 3-6 Cross-Layers 3-6 Figure 3-7 OODA Pattern 3-6 Figure 3-8 Layering OODA Loops 3-7 Figure 5-1 Time-Scales of Dynamic Factors in the Operating Environment 5-4 Figure 6-1 CDSA Between Two CRN 6-1 Figure 6-2 Opportunistic Spectrum Access 6-3 Figure 7-1 Rates for Resource Allocation Algorithms with DSSS and OFDM Users 7-3 Figure 7-2 Rates for Resource Allocation Algorithms with Two OFDM Users 7-3 Figure 7-3 Power Usage for Resource Allocation Algorithms for DSSS and OFDM Users 7-4 Figure 7-4 Power Usage for Resource Allocation Algorithms for Two OFDM Users 7-4 Figure 7-5 T -Receiver N c Parallel Fading Gaussian Broadcast Channel 7-13 Figure 7-6 Results on the Power Minimization Subject to a Minimum Rate Constraint for a Single Tactical Radio Network 7-19 Figure 7-7 Results on the Averaged Power Minimization Subject to a Minimum Rate Constraint Averaged for the Coexistence of Two Tactical Radio Networks 7-20 Figure 7-8 Simulation Results with the Matlab Software 7-20 Figure 7-9 Simulation Results of a Jammer with the Matlab Software 7-21 Figure 7-10 A Classification of DSA Architectural Concepts 7-23 Figure 7-11 The N-Link Interference Model 7-23 Figure 7-12 Three Different Deployments of Two Simplex Radio Links 7-25 Figure 7-13 Low Interference Case, GO Solution (left) and CO Solution (right) 7-25 Figure 7-14 High Interference Case, GO Solution (left) and CO Solution (right) 7-26 Figure 7-15 Unsymmetric Interference Case, GO Solution (left) and CO Solution with Aggressive Target Rates (right). CO with Optimum Target Rates Give the GO Solution (same as on the left) 7-26 Figure 7-16 Average % of Operational Links and Average Bits/s/Hz for the A2 Policy Averaged Over the 5 20 Link Scenarios 7-28 STO-TR-IST-077 v Figure 7-17 D2: % Operational Links (top) and Average Bits/s/Hz (bottom) Averaged Over the 5 20 Link Scenarios 7-28 Figure 9-1 Preventing the Hijacking of an Aid Convoy 9-2 Figure 9-2 Organisation of a Mechanised Infantry Battalion 9-4 Figure 9-3 Radio Architecture 9-5 Figure 9-4 Data Flows in a Battalion 9-8 Figure 9-5 Mapping of the "Preventing the Hijacking of Aid Convoy" Vignette into Clouds 9-11 Table Table 5-1 Average Fade Intervals for Fast Fading 5-1 Table 5-2 Average Fade Interval for Slow Fading 5-2 Table 5-3 Typical Interference Duration for Different Static Emitters and Mobile Platforms 5-3 Table 8-1 Example of Services Attached to 2 Different Missions 8-2 Table 9-1 Coordinates of Characteristic Points 9-3 Table 9-2 Coordinates of Headquarters and Troops 9-3 Table 9-3 The Radio Communication Architecture 9-6 Table 9-4 Radio Equipment Characteristics 9-6