ESA Space Technical Note Issue 1 Weather Study Page 1 Contract Number 14069/99/NL/SB ESA Space Weather Study Space Segment Options Technical Note for WP420 Prepared by: Date: 11th Dec 2001 S. Eckersley Checked by: Date: 11th Dec 2001 M. Snelling © Astrium Ltd 2014 Astrium Ltd owns the copyright of this document which is supplied in confidence and which shall not be used for any purpose other than that for which it is supplied and shall not in whole or in part be reproduced, copied, or communicated to any person without written permission from the owner. Astrium Ltd Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, SG1 2AS, England ESA Space Technical Note Issue 1 Weather Study Page 2 INTENTIONALLY BLANK ESA Space Technical Note Issue 1 Weather Study Page 3 CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................... 9 2. SCOPE .......................................................................................................................................................... 9 3. REFERENCE DOCUMENTS ........................................................................................................................ 9 4. METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................................................................ 11 4.1 Timing ................................................................................................................................................... 11 4.2 Collaboration ........................................................................................................................................ 11 4.3 Space segment study flow ................................................................................................................... 12 4.4 Space segment philosophy and service ............................................................................................... 13 5. WP421 (RAL) – PAYLOAD DEFINITION .................................................................................................... 13 6. PAYLOAD REQUIREMENTS ANALYSIS FOR PAYLOADS THAT COULD MEET OUTSTANDING SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS ................................................................................................ 14 6.1 AOCS and Pointing .............................................................................................................................. 17 6.2 Size, mass and Power .......................................................................................................................... 17 6.3 Data handling, retrieval and downlink .................................................................................................. 17 6.3.1 Data Handling ............................................................................................................................. 17 6.3.2 Data Retrieval ............................................................................................................................. 17 6.3.3 Data Downlink and Link Budgets ............................................................................................... 18 6.3.4 Methods for reducing the data downlink requirements .............................................................. 22 6.4 Ground station coverage and Gap limitation ........................................................................................ 22 6.4.1 Heliocentric/L4/L5/L1/L2 orbits ................................................................................................... 23 6.4.2 Geostationary Transfer Orbits (GTO) ......................................................................................... 23 6.4.3 Sun-synchronous orbits.............................................................................................................. 23 7. WP 422 – IDENTIFICATION OF SPACE SEGMENT OPTIONS ................................................................ 26 7.1 Existing and Planned missions/instruments ......................................................................................... 26 7.1.1 Existing and Planned Mission Review ....................................................................................... 27 7.1.2 Existing and Planned Mission timeline ....................................................................................... 42 7.1.3 CSMR Timeline with Existing and Planned missions that meet CSMR ..................................... 43 7.1.4 Conclusion of ‘Existing and Planned only’ Space Segment ...................................................... 47 7.2 Hitch-Hiker Options .............................................................................................................................. 48 7.2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 48 7.2.2 Definition of Terminology............................................................................................................ 48 7.2.3 Summary characteristics of potential orbit locations and their scheduled existing and planned non-space weather missions .......................................................................................... 49 7.2.4 Trade-off discussion of orbit locations (e.g. L1 versus Sun-synchronous) and Host versus Dedicated for each remaining system requirement ........................................................ 73 7.2.5 No. of hitch-hikers and/or Ground stations required to meet each CSMR (preferred orbit for each CSMR in bold) .............................................................................................. 76 7.2.6 Cost ............................................................................................................................................ 81 7.2.7 Hitch-hiker cost methodology ..................................................................................................... 81 7.2.8 Hitch-hiker timelines and associated cost .................................................................................. 83 7.2.9 Hitch-Hiker overall cost results ................................................................................................... 90 7.2.10 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 91 ESA Space Technical Note Issue 1 Weather Study Page 4 8. WP423 – SPACE SEGMENT SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE – DEDICATED OPTIONS .............................. 92 8.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 92 8.2 Launcher Options ................................................................................................................................. 93 8.2.1 Launcher dimension limitations .................................................................................................. 93 8.2.2 Launcher Survey ........................................................................................................................ 94 8.3 Trade-off criteria ................................................................................................................................... 96 8.4 No. of Spacecraft and/or Ground stations required to meet each CSMR ........................................... 97 8.5 Baseline Dedicated Option – Maximum Hitch-hikers (with and without the larger instruments) .............................................................................................................................................. 101 8.5.1 CSMR not met by Hitch-hiking due to lack of hosts ................................................................. 101 8.5.2 CSMR possibly not met by Hitch-hiking due to instrument size .............................................. 101 8.5.3 Architecture trade-offs .............................................................................................................. 102 8.6 Secondary Dedicated Option – Optimum use of hitch-hikers and dedicated spacecraft ................... 106 8.6.1 Architecture trade-offs .............................................................................................................. 106 9. WP424 – PLATFORM DEFINITION .......................................................................................................... 110 9.1 Current/available and planned platform survey .................................................................................. 110 9.2 Potential space weather applications of selected current/available and planned platforms ................................................................................................................................................... 118 9.2.1 CNES Microsatellite – PICARD ................................................................................................ 118 9.2.2 CLUSTER ................................................................................................................................. 119 9.2.3 STRV c/d satellites ................................................................................................................... 120 9.2.4 ASTRID 2 ................................................................................................................................. 121 9.2.5 MUNIN Nanosatellite ...............................................................................................................