Integration of Digital Technology in the Film Industry of Bangladesh: Readiness and Response Functions Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Humanities, University of Manchester As part of the requirement for the DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY 2012 Muhammad S Ahsan School of Arts, Histories and Cultures Department of Drama 2 Contents Contents .................................................................................................................................................. 2 List of Diagrams ..................................................................................................................................... 5 List of Tables ......................................................................................................................... 6 List of Abbreviations ............................................................................................................. 7 Abstract ................................................................................................................................................. 10 Declaration ........................................................................................................................... 11 Copyright Statement ............................................................................................................ 12 Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................. 13 Chapter 1: Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 14 1.1 Context ........................................................................................................................... 14 1.2 Uses of Terms ................................................................................................................ 15 1.3 Summary of Methodology ............................................................................................. 17 1.4 Key Research Questions ................................................................................................ 17 1.5 Significance of the Study ............................................................................................... 18 1.6 Theoretical Basis: Self-Efficacy, Absorptive Capacity and PESTEL Approaches ....... 22 1.7 Thesis Structure ............................................................................................................. 23 Chapter 2: Literature Review ................................................................................................................ 26 2.1 Context ........................................................................................................................... 26 2.2 Technology Integration: the perspective of the LEDC .................................................. 26 2.3 Phases of Technology Integration .................................................................................. 28 2.4 Trends of Workforce Development and Training of the Film Professionals ................. 43 2.5 Operational Practice of Film Production ....................................................................... 46 2.6 Operational Practice of Film Distribution ...................................................................... 50 2.7 Operational Practice of Film Exhibition ........................................................................ 52 2.8 Summary ........................................................................................................................ 52 Chapter 3: Methodology ...................................................................................................................... 54 3.1 Context ........................................................................................................................... 54 3.2 Design of the Study ........................................................................................................ 54 3.3 Appropriateness of the Design ....................................................................................... 54 3.4 Selection of Cases .......................................................................................................... 58 3.5 Time Line ....................................................................................................................... 64 3.6 Research Questions ........................................................................................................ 64 3 3.7 Engagement within the Field ......................................................................................... 70 3.8 Summary ........................................................................................................................ 73 Chapter 4: Technology Integration: Readiness and Response Functions ............................................. 75 4.1 Context ........................................................................................................................... 75 4.2 PESTEL Factors ............................................................................................................. 75 4.3 Political Factors: Impacts upon the Integration Process ................................................ 75 4.4 Economic Factors: Benefits of Integrating DT .............................................................. 81 4.5 Social Factors: Motivation for Adapting New Technologies ........................................ 87 4.6 Technological Factors: Knowing the Technology ......................................................... 92 4.7 Environmental Factors: Positive Impacts of Integrating DT ......................................... 96 4.8 Legislative Factors: Controls over Integration .............................................................. 97 4.9 Summary ........................................................................................................................ 98 Chapter 5: Workforce Development for Film Media .......................................................................... 100 5.1 Context ......................................................................................................................... 100 5.2 Current Workforce in the BFI ...................................................................................... 100 5.3 The Self-efficacy Scenario ........................................................................................... 105 5.4 The Absorptive Capacity Scenario .............................................................................. 108 5.5 PESTEL Scenarios of Media Education and Training ................................................ 112 5.6 Film Education and Training for Workforce Development ......................................... 126 5.7 Summary ...................................................................................................................... 127 Chapter 6: Film Production and Possible Digital Integration ............................................................. 129 6.1 Context ......................................................................................................................... 129 6.2 Political Factors: Impacts upon the Production Workforce ......................................... 129 6.3 Economic Factors: Prospects of HDTV in the Film Economy .................................... 132 6.4 Social Factors: Overcoming Challenges of the Social Problems ................................. 137 6.5 Technological Factors: Building up Capacity and Capability ..................................... 143 6.6 Environmental Factors: Solar Energy .......................................................................... 155 6.7 Legislative Factors: Reforming the Current Legislation ............................................. 156 6.8 Summary ...................................................................................................................... 160 Chapter 7: Film Distribution and Exhibition ...................................................................................... 161 7.1 Context ......................................................................................................................... 161 7.2 Political Factors: Film Distribution and Exhibition System ........................................ 162 7.3 Economic Factors: Distribution and Exhibition .......................................................... 167 7.4 Social Factors: Film Exhibition ................................................................................... 175 4 7.5 Technological Factors: Distribution Channels ............................................................. 177 7.6 Environmental Factors: Film Exhibition ..................................................................... 181 7.7 Legislative Factors: Film Distribution and Exhibition ................................................ 182 7.8 Recommendations for Effective Integration ................................................................ 184 7.9 Summary ...................................................................................................................... 185 Chapter 8: Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 187 8.1 Context ......................................................................................................................... 187 8.2 Objective of this Study ................................................................................................