Smart Fluids: Survey of Principles for Current, Imminent, and Future Technological Applications Honors Thesis Spring 2010 By: Katrin Passlack Faculty Mentor: Dr. David Miller University of Oklahoma Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering Joe C. and Carole Kerr McClendon Honors College TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION .......................................................................................................................................................................... ii LIST OF TABLES....................................................................................................................................................................iii LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................................................................... v NOMENCLATURE..................................................................................................................................................................vi PART 1: THE SCIENCE OF SMART FLUIDS CHAPTER 1: THE CONCEPT OF A SMART FLUID ............................................................................................................. 1 CHAPTER 2: MR FLUIDS .................................................................................................................................................... 3 CHAPTER 3: ER FLUIDS....................................................................................................................................................... 9 CHAPTER 4: ST FLUIDS .................................................................................................................................................... 12 PART 2: CURRENT, IMMINENT, AND FUTURE APPLCATIONS CHAPTER 5: CURRENT APPLICATIONS ......................................................................................................................... 17 CHAPTER 6: IMMINENT APPLICATIONS ....................................................................................................................... 21 Section 1: Rowing Ergometers ........................................................................................................................... 21 Section 2: Alpine Skis ............................................................................................................................................. 22 Section 3: Active Knee Rehabilitation Devices............................................................................................. 23 Section 4: Footwear ................................................................................................................................................ 24 Section 5: Prosthetics and Exoskeletons......................................................................................................... 27 Section 6: Programmable Joint Braces .......................................................................................................... 30 Section 7: Machining Processes.......................................................................................................................... 31 Section 8 Automobile Headrests ....................................................................................................................... 33 CHAPTER 7: TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS NECESSARY FOR INTEGRATION .................................................. 35 CHAPTER 8: FUTURE APPLICATIONS ........................................................................................................................... 36 REFERENCES....................................................................................................................................................................... 37 i DEDICATION For Coach Andy, for fighting for me every step of the way this year. For Jessica, my little sis, because watching you step up and deal with everything when everything was just too much, inspired me to do the same. ii LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 1: ER PARTICLE NEWTONIAN AND BINGHAM PLASTIC STATES [1].......................................................................1 FIGURE 2: SHEAR RATE VS. YIELD STRESS FOR NEWTONIAN FLUIDS AND BINGHAM PLASTICS [1] ...............................1 FIGURE 3: MR SANDWICH BEAM EXPERIMENTAL SET UP [3]................................................................................................4 FIGURE 4: MR SANDWICH BEAM COMPOSITION [3]................................................................................................................4 FIGURE 5: FREE VIBRATION RESPONSE OF THE PET MR SANDWICH BEAM [3]................................................................5 FIGURE 6: FREE VIBRATION RESPONSE OF THE AL MR SANDWICH BEAM [3]...................................................................5 FIGURE 7: FIRST NATURAL FREQUENCIES FOR A PET MR BEAM [3] ..................................................................................5 FIGURE 8: FIRST NATURAL FREQUENCIES FOR AN AL MR BEAM [3]...................................................................................5 FIGURE 9: MR BEAM VIBRATION TESTING SET‐UP [7] ...........................................................................................................6 FIGURE 10: MR BEAM DEFORMED AND UNDEFORMED CROSS SECTIONS [7].....................................................................6 FIGURE 11: MR SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM RESPONSE [7]....................................................................................................7 FIGURE 12: MR CLAMPED‐FREE BEAM RESPONSE [7]............................................................................................................7 FIGURE 13: MR THICKNESS RATIO EFFECT ON NATURAL FREQUENCIES [7]......................................................................8 FIGURE 14: MR THICKNESS RATIO EFFECT ON LOSS FACTOR FOR SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM [7].................................8 FIGURE 15: ER COLUMN FORMATION FOR SILICON IN SILICON OIL [8]...............................................................................9 FIGURE 16: ER COLUMN FORMATION FOR CORNSTARCH IN SILICON OIL [8].....................................................................9 FIGURE 17: TOP VIEW ER COLUMN PHENOMENON 1%WT SILICON [8].......................................................................... 10 FIGURE 18:TOP VIEW ER COLUMN PHENOMENON 0.2%WT SILICON [8]....................................................................... 10 FIGURE 19: THREE LAYER PVC BEAM WITH INTEGRATED ST FLUID [14]...................................................................... 12 FIGURE 20: VIBRATING BEAM TESTING SCHEMATIC [14]................................................................................................... 12 FIGURE 21: STF VISCOSITY DEPENDENCE ON STRAIN [14]................................................................................................ 13 FIGURE 22: RELATIONSHIP OF INITIAL TIP DISPLACEMENT TO RELATIVE THICKENING FOR STF [14]..................... 13 FIGURE 23: 10% W/W FUMED SILICA FREQUENCY VS. COMPLEX VISCOSITY [13] ........................................................ 14 FIGURE 24: 12.5% W/W FUMED SILICA FREQUENCY VS. COMPLEX VISCOSITY [13] .................................................... 14 FIGURE 25: 15% W/W FUMED SILICA FREQUENCY VS. COMPLEX VISCOSITY [13] ........................................................ 14 FIGURE 26: 17.5% W/W FUMED SILICA FREQUENCY VS. COMPLEX VISCOSITY [13] .................................................... 14 FIGURE 27: FIBER (A) AND CYLINDRICAL (B) ST COMPOSITE STRUCTURES WITH APPLIED SHEAR [12].................. 15 FIGURE 28: ST FIBER COMPOSITE SCHEMATIC [12] ............................................................................................................ 15 FIGURE 29: ST FIBER COMPOSITE TESTING SET UP [12].................................................................................................... 15 FIGURE 30: ST FIBER COMPOSITE FREQUENCY SWEEPS [12] ............................................................................................ 16 FIGURE 31: CRITICAL STRAIN RATE FOR THICKENING OF ST COMPOSITE [12].............................................................. 16 FIGURE 32: SEISMIC MR DAMPING SYSTEM IN TOKYO, JAPAN [4].................................................................................... 18 FIGURE 33: MR VIRTUAL ENDOVASCULAR TELESURGURY [4]........................................................................................... 18 FIGURE 34: ER CLUTCH CONTROLLED ROBOT ARM [1] ......................................................................................................... 19 FIGURE 35: BIEDERMANN MOTECH MR PROSTHETIC KNEE [16] ................................................................................... 19 FIGURE 36: THE UNSTABLE ROWING SIMULATOR [19]....................................................................................................... 21 FIGURE 37: THE STF SKI DESIGN [15]................................................................................................................................... 22 FIGURE 38: STF SKI TESTING RESULTS [15]....................................................................................................................... 22 FIGURE 39: ACTIVE KNEE REHABILITATION DEVICE WITH ER BREAK [20].................................................................... 23 FIGURE 40: VERTICAL GRFS IN DIFFERENT RUNNING STYLES [22]................................................................................