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Zeeb R& Ann Arbor, MI 48106 DIAPAUSE AND NUTRITIONAL INFLUENCES ON REPRODUCTION AND DIAPAUSE INDUCTION IN THE ELM LEAF BEETLE, XANTHOGALERUCA LUTEOLA (MULLER) (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Curtis Eugene Young, B.S., M.S. * * * * * The Ohio State University 1991 Dissertation Committee: Approved by D. L. Denlinger iU lq R. W. Hall Adviser Department of Entomology D. J. Horn C. A. Triplehorn Copyright by Curtis Eugene Young 1991 To my wife, Linda Mull Young, B.A., M.S., Ph.D. and my daughter, Kaitlin Christine Young. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to extend my most sincere gratitude to my advisor, Dr. Richard W. Hall for his guidance through my studies and research work at The Ohio State University. I also wish to thank him for his patience in waiting for the completion of this dissertation. Additional thanks are extended to Dr. Hall for the use of his laboratory space, equipment and supplies and periods of financial support. I wish to express my sincere appreciation to my general examination committee, Drs. Ralph E. Boerner, David L. Denlinger, R.W. Hall and David J. Horn, and to my final oral examination committee, who also reviewed the dissertation manuscript, Drs. D.L. Denlinger, R.W. Hall, D.J. Horn and Charles A. Triplehorn. The financial support from The Ohio State University through graduate teaching and research associateships and a Dean's graduate research fellowship is gratefully acknowledged. I wish to thank my friends and co-workers, Michael R. Hamerski and Brian A. Giles for their support and help while we shared the same laboratory space, equipment and supplies and office space at The Ohio State University. iii Finally, to my wife, Linda, I offer my sincerest gratitude for her encouragement and patience while I fretted over the completion of this dissertation.. Also, for her unwavering love, I am eternally grateful. VITA June 6, 1959 .......... Born - Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 1981....................... B.S., Edinboro State College of Pennsylvania, Edinboro, Pennsylvania Biology 1985....................... M.S., The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio Entomology 1985 - 1988 .......... Research and Teaching Associate, Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1988 ................ Control Entomologist, Ohio Department of Health - Vector Borne Disease Unit, Columbus, Ohio 1989 ................ Ornamentals Extension Entomologist, Ohio Cooperative Extension Service, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1988 - Present .......... Instructor of Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio Northern University, Ada, Ohio v PUBLICATIONS Hall, R. W. , D. G. Nielsen, C. E. Young, and M. R. Hamerski. 1988. Mortality of elm leaf beetle (Xanthoaaleruca luteola)(Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) larvae exposed to insecticide bands applied to elm bark. J. Econ. Entomol. 81: 877-879. Hall, R. W . , D. G. Nielsen, C. E. Young, and M. R. Hamerski. 1990. Insecticidal bark bands for reduction of defoliation by elm leaf beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). J. Environ. Hort 8: 61-63. Hall, R. W . , and C. E. Young. 1986. Suitability of three Asiatic elms to elm leaf beetle (Xanthoaaleruca luteola)(Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). J. Environ. Hort. 4: 44-46. Young, C. E., and R. W. Hall. 1986. Factors influencing suitability of elms for elm leaf beetle, Xanthoaaleruca luteola (Muller) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Environ. Entomol. 15: 843-849. Young, C. E. 1985. Suitability of elms for elm leaf beetle, Xanthoaaleruca luteola (Muller) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). M.S. Thesis, The Ohio State University, Columbus. FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Entomology Insect/plant interactions - Dr. R. W. Hall TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION .............................................. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS..................... iii VITA .................................................... v LIST OF TABLES .......................................... ix LIST OF FIGURES .......................................... xii INTRODUCTION ............................................ 1 CHAPTER PAGE I. DIAPAUSE IN THE ELM LEAF BEETLE, XANTHOGALERUCA LUTEOLA (MULLER) (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) WITH REFERENCE TO SEASONAL ANATOMICAL CHANGES . 16 Introduction ................................... 16 Materials and Methods ........................ 19 Results and Discussion ........................ 25 List of References .............................. 45 II. LARVAL HOST INFLUENCE ON OVARIOLE NUMBER AND FECUNDITY OF THE ELM LEAF BEETLE, XANTHOGALERUCA LUTEOLA (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) ................................... 63 Introduction ................................... 63 Materials and Methods ........................ 65 R e s u l t s ......................................... 68 D i s c u s s i o n .......................................70 List of References .............................. 73 vii III. ADULT HOST INFLUENCE ON DIAPAUSE INDUCTION IN THE ELM LEAF BEETLE, XANTHOGALERUCA LUTEOLA (MULLER) (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) ............. 91 Introduction ................................... 91 Materials and Methods ........................ 94 Results and Discussion .........................101 List of References ............................. Ill CONCLUSION .................................................129 APPENDIX ................................................... 134 LIST OF REFERENCES ........................................ 143 viii LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGE 1. Variation in the accessory gland development in overwintered male and ovarian development and mated condition of overwintered female X. luteola adults collected from U. pumila. April and May 1988................................ 48 2. Mean percent lipid content of dry weight of reproductively-active and diapause-destined male and female X. luteola adults of different ages reared under long day (15:9 L:D), short day (12:12 L;D) at 25 C or ambient field conditions, autumn 1986 ........................ 49 3. Results of one-tailed paired t' tests comparing mean percent lipid contents of dry weight of reproductively-active and diapause- destined male and female X. luteola adults sampled at 1, 2, and 3 weeks of ag e ...............50 4. Number of ovarioles in female X* luteola reared on different elm species as larvae and fed U. pumila as adults, February 1987.......... 75 5. Oviposition of X» luteola reared on different elm species as larvae and fed U. pumila as adults, February 1987 .......................... 76 6. Adult X- luteola standard synthetic diet ingredients.......................................114 7. Number of diapausing and non-diapausing adult X. luteola fed lush-green actively- growing ("high" quality) or tough-bronzed senescing ("low" quality) U. pumila foliage for 14 days after eclosion under 15:9 L:D at 25°C............................................... 115 ix 8. Number of diapausing and non-diapausing adult X* luteola fed U. pumila foliage that was actively-growing, senescing from the field or senescing from the greenhouse for 14 days after eclosion under 15:9 L:D at 25°C............................................... 116 9. Percent leaf water content, leaf protein content and soluble leaf carbohydrate content of JJ. pumila foliage of different conditions......................................... 117 10. Percent leaf water content and leaf protein content of 'Urban' elms under different fertilization treatments..........................118 11. Number of diapausing and non-diapausing adult X* luteola reared under 15:9 L:D at 25°C and fed for 14 days after eclosion on foliage from 'Urban' elms conditioned with different fertilization treatments................ 119 12. Percent diapause induction in