K E - 3 0 - 1 0 - 3 2 5 - E The increasing use of portable N - C computing and communication devices and its impact on the health of EU workers Are you interested in the publications of the Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities? If so, you can download them or take out a free subscription at http://ec.europa.eu/social/publications You are also welcome to sign up to receive the European Commission’s free Social Europe e-newsletter at http://ec.europa.eu/social/e-newsletter http://ec.europa.eu/social/ European Commission The increasing use of portable computing and communication devices and its impact on the health of EU workers European Commission Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities Unit F.4 Manuscript completed in December 2009 Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission may be held responsible for the use that may be made of the information contained in this publication. For any use or reproduction of photos which are not under European Union copyright, permission must be sought directly from the copyright holder(s). Europe Direct is a service to help you find answers to your questions about the European Union Freephone number (*): 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (*) Certain mobile telephone operators do not allow access to 00 800 numbers or these calls may be billed. More information on the European Union is available on the Internet (http://europa.eu). Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2010 ISBN 978-92-79-15399-0 doi: 10.2767/29806 © European Union, 2010 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. Printed in Luxembourg PRINTED ON WHITE CHLORINE-FREE PAPER Table of Content Executive summary__________________________________________________________5 Introduction_______________________________________________________________10 I Methodology_____________________________________________________________11 II Overview of the technology and its use________________________________________12 Summary_______________________________________________________________12 Introduction_____________________________________________________________13 1. Definitions____________________________________________________________14 2. Status quo analysis______________________________________________________16 2.1 Description of portable computing and communication systems_______________16 2.1.1 Types__________________________________________________________16 2.1.2 Functionality, characteristics and ergonomic features____________________17 2.2 Description of work with portable systems________________________________19 2.2.1 Types of work using portable systems________________________________19 2.2.2 The work environment of mobile eWorkers____________________________22 2.3 Survey of the use of portable systems among the working population___________26 2.3.1 Extent of, and increase in, use_______________________________________26 2.3.2 Categories and numbers of workers affected___________________________31 2.3.3 Typical activities and tasks_________________________________________36 2.3.4 Types of work with portable devices and possible OSH risks and OSH management problems_________________________________________________37 2.3.5 How portable systems influence the boundary between work hours and private time________________________________________________________________38 2.3.6 Possible evolution of the technology and future use of portable systems______40 2.4 Technological development and nanotechnology___________________________41 2.5 Work of tomorrow – future working patterns______________________________44 2.6 Foreseeable future use of portable systems________________________________45 2.7 Discussion and conclusions____________________________________________47 III Assessment of the OSH risks_______________________________________________50 1. Psychosocial risk factors_________________________________________________50 Summary_____________________________________________________________50 Introduction___________________________________________________________50 Deduction of psychosocial risk factors and resources___________________________52 1.1 Investigation into specific psychosocial resources and risk factors______________55 1.1.1 Work organization________________________________________________55 1.1.2 Work content____________________________________________________60 1.1.3 Social relations at work____________________________________________61 1.1.4 Operational and societal conditions__________________________________64 1.1.5 Personal influences_______________________________________________64 1.2 Risks of illness and accidents deriving from psychosocial stressors_____________65 1.3 Psychosocial implications for the proposed future development in work using portable computing and communication devices_______________________________65 1.4 Demographic effects_________________________________________________66 1.5 Expert interviews____________________________________________________67 1.6 Conclusions________________________________________________________68 2. Ergonomic risk factors___________________________________________________70 Summary_____________________________________________________________70 Introduction___________________________________________________________70 2.1 The effects of biomechanical workload___________________________________72 2.2 Effects of the visual interface design_____________________________________75 3 2.3 Effects of excessive noise and vibration levels_____________________________76 2.4 Effects of cognitive load and multiple task situations________________________76 2.5 Effects of Ageing____________________________________________________78 2.6 Discussion and Conclusions___________________________________________79 IV Implications for the Management of OSH_____________________________________80 1. Difficulties in applying “traditional” approaches to OSH management_____________80 2. Exclusion from collective agreements due to mobility__________________________82 3. Consequences and recommendations for practical OSH management______________83 4. Conclusions___________________________________________________________84 V Implications for regulation and enforcement___________________________________85 Summary_______________________________________________________________85 1. Challenges and possible approaches for legislation and enforcement_______________85 1.1 OSH Framework Directive 89/391/EEC__________________________________86 1.2 Possibly relevant EU regulatory framework_______________________________88 1.3 Directive 90/270/EEC (work with display screen equipment)_________________88 2. Options for legislation and enforcement_____________________________________93 VI Discussion_____________________________________________________________95 VII Conclusions____________________________________________________________97 Bibliography______________________________________________________________99 Literature_______________________________________________________________99 Legislation_____________________________________________________________110 List of Photographs______________________________________________________111 List of Figures__________________________________________________________112 List of Tables___________________________________________________________113 List of Abbreviations_____________________________________________________114 4 Executive summary Portable computing and communication devices are widely used by workers in different occupations and their use is steadily increasing. Working with portable devices and systems differs markedly from the work with visual display units at workstations which is regulated by the European visual display units (VDU) Directive1 and governed by a host of guidelines and recommendations within the Member States of the European Union (EU MS)2. What are the new and changing risks to the safety and health of the working population from the steadily growing use of portable systems and devices and their ongoing technical development? Which problems can be identified for the employers’ occupational safety and health (OSH) management and for legislation and implementation in the EU and its Member States? What scope is there to solve these problems? Against this background, the main findings of this study are shown below. The first part of the study gives an overview of the technology and its use, especially of: • the various types of portable computing and communication systems currently in use including devices such as personal digital assistants (PDAs), laptop computers, smart phones, tablet personal computers, etc. (types of systems); • the types of work that such computing and communication systems are used for (types of work); • the extent to which portable systems are used by the working population – exploring how their prevalence is growing in absolute terms (extent of, increase in, use). The volume of work and types of tasks that the systems are commonly used for and the extent to which they are used (e.g. number of emails sent/received, time spent using them); how the systems permit or encourage work during free time (e.g. after office hours, at weekends and on holiday); • the types of workers using portable systems (categories and numbers of workers) and the number and types of workers affected. While still regarded by many as ‘executive toys’, these