The Forma tion of the Self. Nietz sche and Complex ity Paul Cilliers,1 Tanya de Villiers and Vasti Roodt De part ment of Phi los o phy, Uni ver sity of Stellenbosch, Pri vate Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Af rica Ab stract: The purpose of this arti cle is to exam ine the rela ti on ship be tween the form a- tion of the self and the worldly ho rizon within which this self achieves its meaning. Our in quiry takes place from two per spec tives: the first de rived from the Nietzschean analy sis of how one becom es what one is; the other from current devel op m ents in com plexit y theory. This two-angled approach opens up differ ent, yet relat ed dim ensions of a non-essentialist un dersta nd - ing of the self that is nonethe les s nei ther arbi tra ry nor de ter minis ti c. Indeed, at the meet ing point of these two per spec tives on the self lies a concep ti on of a dynam ic, worldly self, whose iden tity is bound up with its ap pearance in a world shared with oth ers. Af ter exam ining this argu ment from the respec tive view points offered by Nietzsche and com plexit y theory, the arti cle con- cludes with a con sid er ation of some of the po lit i cal and eth i cal impli ca tions of repre sent ing our situatedness within a shared hum an dom ain as a con di- tion for self-formation. In tro duc tion A short aph o rism from the second volum e of Human, All Too Human reads: “In sol i- tude the sol itar y man consum es him self, in the multi tude the many con sume him. Now choose” (Nietz sche HAH II, 348).2 So as to leave us in no doubt about what is in - volved in this choice, Nietz sche in scribes his maxim with the ti tle: “From the land of the canni bals ”. His point, one could argue, is precis ely that one can not choose. To em - bark on ei ther course – retre ating enti rely into sol itude or becom ing pas sively im - mersed in communality – is to lose one self. What is at stake here is this prob lematic rela ti on ship be tween the self and the crowd, be tween soli tude and worldli ness. Nietz- sche is thus engaged with the general problem of the form ati on of the self. How does the self come to be so that we cannot deny its inde pend ent ex istenc e (and con sequentl y ac knowl edg ing it as a bearer of re spon si bil ity), yet re cog nise its in ev i ta ble so cial embeddedness? In this ar ti cle we are in ter ested in the pos si bil ity that the think ing self - hood lies be tween the two extre mes of soli tude or soli p sism on the one hand, and unilinear so cial de ter mina tion on the other – not as their di a lec ti cal res o lu tion into a higher unity, but as a tightrope walk betwee n two kinds of dis solu ti on. 1 To whom corre spon dence should be address ed (e-mail: <[email protected]>. This author also ac knowl- edges the fi nan cial as sis tance of the Na tional Re search Foun da tion: So cial Sci ences and Hu man i ties of South Afric a towar ds this resear ch, as well as the support of the Insti tute for the Study of Coher ence and Emergence (ISCE) in Boston, USA. Opinions express ed and conclu sions ar rived at are those of the au- thors, and are not nec essar ily to be at trib uted to the National Resear ch Founda tion or to ISCE. 2 Nietzsche’ s works are identi fied by their English- language ac ronym s, followed by the rele vant section number, un less oth erwise in di cated. Where deemed nec es sary, we have made mi nor al terations to the trans la tions. 2 S. Afr. J, Philos. 2002, 21(1) In the so-called “post-modern” af ter math of Nietzsche’s de cen tralisa tion of the metaphys ical sub ject, a non-essentialist un der stand ing of the self may seem fairly com mon place. For those fa mil iar with the work of, among others, Foucault, Derrida, Lyotard and Lacan, it is easy – perhaps too easy – to talk about the decen tre d or frag- mented self. For those not fa miliar with these dis courses, as well as those who are crit - ical of them, such an un dersta nd ing of the self is not self-evident. From their perspec - tive, the non-essentialist concep ti on of the self repre sent s the disso lu ti on of mo ral ity, or its de scent into rel a tiv ism.3 If the self is a slip pery af fair, it be comes dif fi cult to ac - count for moral agency and to as cribe moral respon si bil ity. It is worth while, therefore, to develop a non-essentialist under sta nd ing for the self from a perspec tive that would be more ac cept able to those who are less in clined to ac cept ar gu ments with a post-modern flavour. Such an argu ment can be made, we propose, from the per spec - tive of com plexit y theory. Com plexit y theory – not to be con fused with chaos the ory or cyber net ics (see Cilliers 1998: viii–ix) – grew out of for mal, sci en tific at tempts to deal with a com plex world. Al though there were initi al hopes that we would be able to develop theo ries that would help us to come to grips with com plex phe nom ena in an objec ti ve way, the study of com plex system s has rather confronte d us with the lim its of sci enti fic knowl- edge (Cilliers 2000, 2001). As will be shown in more detai l later, this means that we can not avoid nor ma tive el e ments when deal ing with com plex ity. This ac knowl edge- ment of the lim its of objec ti ve knowl edge im plies that we can start with a rigor ous, sci enti fic form of anal ysis , and still ar rive at an un dersta nd ing that is nei ther mechan i - cal nor final. What we are at tempting to show in this pa per is how argu ments from com plexit y can be used to develop an un dersta nd ing of the self that bears a marked affin it y with that of Nietzsche. At first glance, these two per spec tives may ap pear some what dis pa - rate. Both, however, are con cerned with the lim its of our under sta nd ing of the self. This entai ls that the form ati on of the self can never be a com pleted proces s. On the one hand, our aim is then to show how a refle cti on on Nietzsche ’s criti cal philos o phy dovetai ls with contem po rary argu ments on com plexit y in a way that casts new light on the re la tion ship be tween or der and mul ti plic ity, sol i tude and communality, self and world. On the other hand, we also hope to pro vide an argu ment for an under sta nd ing of the self, sim ilar to that of Nietzsche , which does not depend on the accep tanc e of his philo soph i cal pro ject. By re lat ing Nietz sche’s think ing about the con sti tu tion of the self to par tic u lar in - sights derive d from com plexit y theory, we thus offer two argu ments for devel op ing an un dersta nd ing of self-formation as an event that is neither arbi tra ry nor de ter mined. Our ulti mate inten ti on is to dem on strate that this way of thinking about the self does not oper ate sim ply on the level of indi vid ual psychol ogy or scien ti fic theory, but im - pacts on the way in which we concei ve of our re lati ons to oth ers in the world. We pro- pose to estab li sh, in other words, the extent to which the questi on of who or what one is, is nec es sar ily also a ques tion of eth i cal and po lit i cal praxis. In the first sec tion of the arti cle we explore Nietzsche ’s under sta nd ing of self- formation – that is to say, the condi ti ons under which one moulds a self, perhaps even fabri cat es a self, and thus becom es what one is. This is sue is explore d in re lati on to 3 Con sider, for in stance, Alasdair MacIn tyre’s critique of non-essentialist mo rality as a su per fi cial emotivism that has taken root in the after math of the loss of a meaning ful, pre-En lighten m ent mo ral ity – mo rality “as it once was” (MacIn tyre 1992:22).