JACARANDA essentials Humanities 1 New for Level 5 of the Victorian Essential Learning Standards Judy Mraz Maureen Anderson Stephen Chapman Cathy Bedson First published 2007 by This textbook contains images and names of John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd Indigenous people who may no longer be living. The 42 McDougall Street, Milton, Qld 4064 publisher appreciates that this inclusion may Offices also in Sydney and Melbourne distress or sadden some Indigenous communities. These names and images have been included so that Typeset in 10.5/12 pt New Century the young multicultural audience for this textbook can better appreciate the richness of Indigenous © Judy Mraz, Maureen Anderson, Stephen Chapman, culture and history, and recognise the significant Cathy Bedson 2007 contribution that Indigenous individuals have made for their people and their land. The moral rights of the authors have been asserted. National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-publication data Jacaranda essentials humanities 1. Includes index. For secondary school students. ISBN 978 0 7314 0449 0. 1. Humanities — Textbooks. 2. Humanities — Study and teaching (Secondary) — Victoria. I. Mraz, Judy. 001.30712 Reproduction and communication for educational purposes The Australian Copyright Act 1968 (the Act) allows a maximum of one chapter or 10% of the pages of this work, whichever is the greater, to be reproduced and/or communicated by any educational institution for its educational purposes provided that the educational institution (or the body that administers it) has given a remuneration notice to Copyright Agency Limited (CAL) under the Act. For details of the CAL licence for educational institutions contact: [email protected] Reproduction and communication for other purposes Except as permitted under the Act (for example, a fair dealing for the purposes of study, research, criticism or review), no part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, communicated or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior written permission. All inquiries should be made to the publisher at the address above. Front cover images: Australian Picture Library/Alain Coltier; © Corbis Corporation; © Digital Stock/Corbis Corporation Cartography by MAPgraphics Pty Ltd, Brisbane and the Wiley Art Studio Illustrated by Rob Alan, Wendy Arthur, Philip Blythe, Garry Collett, Shane Collinge, Mike Golding, Steve Hunter, Craig Jackson, Mike Lambel, Alex Lavroff, Glenn Lumsden, Bronwyn Searle, Terry St Ledger, Graeme Tavendale, John Wiffen and the Wiley Art Studio Printed in Singapore by Craft Print International Ltd 10987654321 CONTENTSCONTENTS Coverage of VELS — Level 5 vi CHAPTER 3: ANCIENT ATHENS 52 How to use this book viii 3.1 The origins of Ancient Athens 54 About the CD-ROM x 3.2 Social and political structures 56 3.3 The world of work 58 Acknowledgements xi 3.4 Home and family 60 3.5 Rituals, values and beliefs 62 CHAPTER 1: INVESTIGATING 3.6 Expressions of culture 64 HISTORY 2 3.7 A key individual: Pericles 66 3.8 Key events: wars with Persia 68 1.1 History and the historian 4 3.9 Key events: building a temple to 1.2 People, motives and consequences 6 Athena 70 1.3 Time and the past 8 3.10 Trade and culture contact 72 1.4 Detective work — using sources 10 3.11 Legacy of ancient Athens for 1.5 Digging up the past 14 contemporary societies 74 1.6 Deciding how old something is 16 CHECK & CHALLENGE 76 1.7 Why is conserving our heritage important? 18 1.8 Our world heritage — treasures and sites 20 CHECK & CHALLENGE 22 CHAPTER 2: ANCIENT EGYPT 24 2.1 The origins of ancient Egyptian civilisation 26 2.2 Social and political structures in ancient Egypt 28 2.3 The world of work 30 2.4 Home and family 32 2.5 Rituals, values and beliefs 34 2.6 Expressions of culture 38 2.7 Two key individuals: Hatshepsut and Rameses II 40 2.8 A key event: building the Great Pyramid 42 2.9 Trade and culture contact 44 CHAPTER 4: ANCIENT ROME 78 2.10 Ancient Egypt’s legacy for contemporary 4.1 The origins of ancient Rome 80 society 46 4.2 Social and political structures 82 CHECK & CHALLENGE 50 4.3 The world of work 84 4.4 Home and family 86 4.5 Rituals, values and beliefs 88 4.6 Expressions of culture 90 4.7 Two key individuals: Pompey and Caesar 92 4.8 Key events: republic to empire 94 4.9 Trade and culture contact 96 4.10 Ancient Rome’s legacy for contemporary societies 98 CHECK & CHALLENGE 100 CHAPTER 5: ANCIENT CHINA 102 CHAPTER 7: PEOPLE AND PLACES OF 5.1 The origins of ancient Chinese THE ASIA–PACIFIC 156 civilisation 104 7.1 Where is the Asia–Pacific? 158 5.2 Social and political structures 106 7.2 Natural characteristics of the 5.3 The world of work 110 Asia–Pacific 160 5.4 Home and family 112 7.3 Natural disaster in Asia: tsunami! 162 5.5 Values and beliefs — Confucius, Lao Zi 7.4 Climate in the Asia–Pacific 164 and Buddha 116 7.5 Human characteristics of the 5.6 Expressions of culture 118 Asia–Pacific 166 5.7 Death of a key individual: Qin 7.6 Indigenous people of the Asia–Pacific 168 Shihuangdi 120 7.7 Cultural diversity in the Asia–Pacific 170 5.8 Trade and culture contact 122 7.8 Are there inequalities in the 5.9 A key event: the downfall of the Han 124 Asia–Pacific? 172 5.10 Ancient China’s legacy for contemporary 7.9 Australia’s links in the Asia–Pacific 174 societies 126 CHECK & CHALLENGE 176 CHECK & CHALLENGE 128 CHAPTER 6: GEOSPATIAL SKILLS 130 6.1 What is a spatial perspective? 132 6.2 From a bird’s-eye view 134 6.3 Maps — the geographer’s main tool 136 6.4 Which symbols can be used on a map? 138 6.5 Which way? Direction and orientation 140 6.6 How do I use a grid reference? 142 6.7 How do I draw to scale? 144 6.8 How do I measure distance on a map? 146 6.9 Which maps do I use? 148 6.10 Drawing graphs 152 6.11 Using photographs and line drawings 154 Darwin N CHAPTER 8: AUSTRALIA — LAND OF CONTRASTS 178 Townsville 8.1 What landforms make up Australia? 180 8.2 Distribution of Australia’s landforms 182 8.3 Contrasts in Australia’s climate 184 8.4 Hot and dry — Australia’s deserts 186 Brisbane Gold Coast 8.5 Desert landforms 188 8.6 Contrasts in ecosystems 190 Newcastle Perth 8.7 Coober Pedy: a desert town 192 Adelaide Sydney Canberra Wollongong 8.8 Contrasts in Australia’s population over Urban population Number of people Melbourne time 194 Population density Geelong Over 1 000 000 People per square kilometre 100 000 to 1 000 000 8.9 People on the move 196 Over 100 10 000 to 100 000 10 to 100 1000 to 10 000 8.10 Coastal drifting 198 1 to 10 Hobart 200 to 1000 0 250 500 km Under 1 Under 200 CHECK & CHALLENGE 200 iv CHAPTER 9: INDONESIA AND PAPUA 10.7 Precious pandas 240 NEW GUINEA — OUR NEAREST 10.8 Disappearing tigers 242 NEIGHBOURS 202 CHECK & CHALLENGE 244 9.1 Where are Indonesia and PNG located? 204 CHAPTER 11: INVESTIGATING 9.2 Natural characteristics of Indonesia 206 ECONOMICS 246 9.3 Natural characteristics of PNG 208 9.4 Human characteristics of Indonesia and 11.1 What is PNG 210 economics? 248 11.2 Economics and 9.5 Rice is life in Indonesia 212 you 250 9.6 Cultural diversity in Indonesia and 11.3 Economic PNG 214 resources 252 9.7 Are environments in Indonesia under 11.4 Scarcity 254 threat? 216 11.5 Making a choice 256 9.8 Are environments in PNG under 11.6 Wise consumer threat? 218 choices 258 9.9 Australia’s links to Indonesia and 11.7 Comparison PNG 220 shopping 260 CHECK & CHALLENGE 222 11.8 More decisions to make 262 CHECK & CHALLENGE 264 CHAPTER 12: PARTICIPATING IN POLITICS 266 12.1 ‘Government of the people, by the people, for the people. .’ 268 12.2 The beginnings of parliament 270 12.3 Power in their hands 272 12.4 Structure of government 274 12.5 Two houses of parliament 276 12.6 Political parties 278 12.7 Citizenship: rights and responsibilities 280 CHECK & CHALLENGE 282 CHAPTER 10: ENDANGERED CHAPTER 13: UNDERSTANDING THE HABITATS 224 LAW 284 10.1 What is a habitat? 226 13.1 Reasons for laws 286 10.2 What happens when habitats 13.2 The legal system 288 change? 228 13.3 Origin of Australia’s laws 290 10.3 How have coral reef habitats changed? 230 13.4 How laws are made 292 13.5 Areas of law 294 10.4 How have wetland and flood plain habitats changed? 232 13.6 Issues of fairness in using the law 296 13.7 Juvenile crime 298 10.5 What can be done to protect habitats? 234 CHECK & CHALLENGE 300 10.6 Saving the habitat of the mountain pygmy possum 238 INDEX 302 v 9EL;H7=;E<L;BIÇB;L;B+9EL;H7=;E<L;BIÇB;L;B+ The key elements in the grid below are derived from the Victorian Essential Learning Standards (VELS) Level 5 document prepared by the Victorian Curriculum and Assessment Authority. The grid below addresses only Jacaranda Essentials Humanities 1. STRAND: Discipline-based Learning Chapter Domain Dimension Key elements of standards/learning focus* number Standards 2, 3, 4, 5 Develop knowledge and understanding about ancient societies.