Family: Moraceae Taxon: Brosimum alicastrum Synonym: Alicastrum brownei Kuntze Common Name: breadnut Brosimum uleanum Mildbr. Maya nut Helicostylis bolivarensis Pittier cow tree Piratinera alicastrum (Sw.) Baill. apompo ramón Questionaire : current 20090513 Assessor: Assessor Designation: EVALUATE Status: Assessor Approved Data Entry Person: Assessor WRA Score 2 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? y=1, n=-1 103 Does the species have weedy races? y=1, n=-1 201 Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If island is primarily wet habitat, then (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- High substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" high) (See Appendix 2) 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- High high) (See Appendix 2) 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 n 204 Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates y=1, n=0 y 205 Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 n 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see y Appendix 2), n= question 205 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic y=1, n=0 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals y=1, n=-1 n 405 Toxic to animals y=1, n=0 n 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens y=1, n=0 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans y=1, n=0 n 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems y=1, n=0 n 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle y=1, n=0 y Print Date: 9/25/2013 Brosimum alicastrum (Moraceae) Page 1 of 8 410 Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island) y=1, n=0 y 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 n 412 Forms dense thickets y=1, n=0 501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n 502 Grass y=1, n=0 n 503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n 504 Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) y=1, n=0 n 601 Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat y=1, n=0 n 602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y 603 Hybridizes naturally y=1, n=-1 604 Self-compatible or apomictic y=1, n=-1 605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 n 606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 n 607 Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, >3 4+ years = -1 701 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked y=1, n=-1 n areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 y 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant y=1, n=-1 n 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 n 705 Propagules water dispersed y=1, n=-1 n 706 Propagules bird dispersed y=1, n=-1 y 707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y=1, n=-1 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut y=1, n=-1 y 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) y=1, n=-1 802 Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) y=1, n=-1 n 803 Well controlled by herbicides y=-1, n=1 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire y=1, n=-1 y 805 Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents) y=-1, n=1 Designation: EVALUATE WRA Score 2 Print Date: 9/25/2013 Brosimum alicastrum (Moraceae) Page 2 of 8 Supporting Data: 101 1982. Peters, C.M./Pardo-Tejeda, E.. Brosimum [Is the species highly domesticated? No. Used extensively, but no evidence that alicastrum (Moraceae): Uses and Potential in domestication has dramatically modified species] "Brosimum alicastrum has been Mexico. Economic Botany. 36(2): 166-175P. used for over 2,000 yr, but only recently has its potential for easing the problems of diminishing food and forage been appreciated." 102 2013. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. NA 103 2013. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. NA 201 2002. Vozzo, J.A.. Tropical Tree Seed Manual. [Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) 2-high] "Brosimum alicastrum USDA Forest Service, Washington, D.C. is native to America. It is distributed naturally from Mexico across Central America to northern South America and in the West Indies." 201 2008. Janick, J./Paull, R.E.. The Encyclopedia of [Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) 2-High] "Brosimum alicastrum Fruit & Nuts. Cabi Publishing, Wallingford, UK Swartz (Moraceae), is a canopy tree in tropical rainforests of Central America (Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador, Mexico, Nicaragua) and the larger Caribbean islands (Cuba, Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Puerto Rico)." 202 2008. Janick, J./Paull, R.E.. The Encyclopedia of [Quality of climate match data 2-High] Fruit & Nuts. Cabi Publishing, Wallingford, UK 203 2005. CAB International. Forestry Compendium. [Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)? No] "Climatic amplitude CAB International, Wallingford, UK (estimates) - Altitude range: 300 - 1000 m - Mean annual rainfall: 1000 - 2000 mm - Rainfall regime: bimodal - Dry season duration: > 4 months - Mean annual temperature: 15 - 35ºC - Mean maximum temperature of hottest month: 20 - 40ºC - Mean minimum temperature of coldest month: 12 - 18ºC - Absolute minimum temperature: > 5ºC" 204 2008. Janick, J./Paull, R.E.. The Encyclopedia of [Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates? Yes] Fruit & Nuts. Cabi Publishing, Wallingford, UK "Brosimum alicastrum Swartz (Moraceae), is a canopy tree in tropical rainforests of Central America (Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador, Mexico, Nicaragua) and the larger Caribbean islands (Cuba, Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Puerto Rico)." 205 2005. CAB International. Forestry Compendium. [Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural CAB International, Wallingford, UK range? No] 205 2010. Nelson, G.. The Trees of Florida. A [Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural Reference and Field Guide. 2nd Edition. range? Florida] "Non native (tropical America)" … Distribution: Tropical Pineapple Press Inc, Sarasota, FL hammocks; southernmost tip of the peninsula and the Keys." 301 1976. Morton, J.F.. Pestiferous spread of many [Naturalized beyond native range?] "Locally spontaneous from seeds." ornamental and fruit species in South Florida. Proceedings of the Florida State Horticultural Society. 89: 348-353. 301 2001-2013. Gann, G.D./Bradley, [Naturalized beyond native range? Yes] "SOUTH FLORIDA Native Status: Not K.A./Woodmansee, S.W.. The Floristic Inventory Native, Naturalized " of South Florida Database Online. The Institute for Regional Conservation, Delray Beach, FL http://www.regionalconservation.org 301 2010. Nelson, G.. The Trees of Florida. A [Naturalized beyond native range? Yes] "Non native (tropical America)" … Reference and Field Guide. 2nd Edition. Distribution: Tropical hammocks; southernmost tip of the peninsula and the Keys." Pineapple Press Inc, Sarasota, FL 302 2012. Randall, R.P.. A Global Compendium of [Garden/amenity/disturbance weed? No] No evidence Weeds. 2nd Edition. Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia 303 2012. Randall, R.P.. A Global Compendium of [Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed? No] No evidence Weeds. 2nd Edition. Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia 304 2012. Randall, R.P.. A Global Compendium of [Environmental weed? No] No evidence Weeds. 2nd Edition. Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia 305 2012. Randall, R.P.. A Global Compendium of [Congeneric weed? No] No evidence Weeds. 2nd Edition. Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia Print Date: 9/25/2013 Brosimum alicastrum (Moraceae) Page 3 of 8 401 2005. CAB International. Forestry Compendium. [Produces spines, thorns or burrs? No] "A medium sized or large tree, with a CAB International, Wallingford, UK dense and broad crown and a straight trunk that can reach one meter in diameter and with buttresses. The bark is grey with regular lenticels and longitudinal fine fissures at a young stage. Leaves entire, coriaceous, petiolate and bright green when fresh, mostly oblong-elliptic to elliptic, mainly 7-14 cm long and 3-5. 5 cm wide, acuminate or abruptly short acuminate, sometimes merely acute, obtuse or acute at the base, 14 pairs of lateral veins raised below with a conspicuous submarginal colleting veins and prominulous reticulate veins; petioles stout, 4-14 mm long, stipules nearly encircling stem, 5-15 mm long." 402 1989. Wickens, G.E./Haq, N./Day, P.R.. New [Allelopathic? Unknown] "Brosimum alicastrum may be found in almost pure Crops for Food and Industry. Chapman and Hall stands within the tropical forests." Ltd, London, UK 403 2005. CAB International. Forestry Compendium. [Parasitic? No] "A medium sized or large tree, with a dense and broad crown and a CAB International, Wallingford, UK straight trunk that can reach one meter in diameter and with buttresses." 404 1982. Peters, C.M./Pardo-Tejeda, E.. Brosimum [Unpalatable to grazing animals? No] "Soon after the introduction of livestock into alicastrum (Moraceae): Uses and Potential in Mexico, it was discovered that B. alicastrum is a very good forage. Currently, this Mexico. Economic Botany. 36(2): 166-175P. is the most widespread use of the tree. Wherever it is abundant the leaves, twigs and seeds are a highly valued stock feed. This is especially true in the more arid parts of its range where its evergreen leaves may furnish the only fresh forage available during the dry season." … "Where dense stands occur, climbing is not necessary and cattle are allowed to graze freely on the seedlings, newly fallen leaves, and seeds." 404 2002.