Buddhist Manuscript Cultures Buddhist Manuscript Cultures explores how religious and cultural practices in pre- modern Asia were shaped by literary and artistic traditions as well as by Buddhist material culture. This study of Buddhist texts focuses on the significance of their material forms rather than their doctrinal contents and examines how and why they were made. Collectively, the book offers cross-cultural and comparative insights into the transmission of Buddhist knowledge and the use of texts and images as ritual objects in the artistic and aesthetic traditions of Buddhist cultures. Drawing on case studies from India, Gandhara, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Mongolia, China, and Nepal, the chapters included investigate the range of interests and values associated with producing and using written texts and the roles manuscripts and images play in the transmission of Buddhist texts and in fostering devotion among Buddhist communities. Contributions are by reputed scholars in Buddhist Studies and represent diverse disciplinary approaches from religious studies, art history, anthropology, and history. This book will be of interest to scholars and students working in these fields. Stephen C. Berkwitz is Associate Professor of Religious Studies at Missouri State University. His research focuses on Buddhist Studies in Sri Lanka. At present, he is preparing South Asian Buddhism: A Survey, also for publication with Routledge. Juliane Schober is Associate Professor in the Department of Religious Studies, Arizona State University. Her research focuses on Theravada Buddhism in Burma, particularly on ritual, sacred geography, and the veneration of icons in the modern state cult. Claudia Brown is Professor of Art History, Arizona State University. Her research interest is the History of Art with an emphasis in Chinese painting. Routledge critical studies in Buddhism Edited by Stephen C. Berkwitz Missouri State University, USA Founding Editors: Charles S. Prebish Utah State University, USA Damien Keown Goldsmith’s College, London University, UK Routledge Critical Studies in Buddhism is a comprehensive study of the Buddhist tradition. The series explores this complex and extensive tradition from a variety of perspectives, using a range of different methodologies. The series is diverse in its focus, including his- torical, philological, cultural, and sociological investigations into the manifold features and expressions of Buddhism worldwide. It also presents works of constructive and reflective analysis, including the role of Buddhist thought and scholarship in a contemporary, critical context and in the light of current social issues. The series is expansive and imaginative in scope, spanning more than two and a half millennia of Buddhist history. It is receptive to all research works that are of significance and interest to the broader field of Buddhist Studies. Editorial Advisory Board: James A. Benn, McMaster University, Canada; Jinhua Chen, The University of British Columbia, Canada; Rupert Gethin, University of Bristol, UK; Peter Harvey, University of Sunderland, UK; Sallie King, James Madison University, USA; Anne Klein, Rice Uni- versity, USA; Ulrich Pagel, School of Oriental and African Studies, UK; John Powers, Australian National University; Juliane Schober, Arizona State University, USA; Donald Swearer, Harvard University, USA; Vesna A. Wallace, University of California-Santa Barbara, USA; Paul Williams, University of Bristol, UK. A Survey of Vinaya Literature Women in the Footsteps of the Buddha Charles S. Prebish Struggle for liberation in the Therigatha The Reflexive Nature of Awareness Kathryn R. Blackstone A Tibetan Madhyamaka defence Paul Williams The Resonance of Emptiness A Buddhist inspiration for Altruism and Reality contemporary psychotherapy Studies in the philosophy of the Gay Watson Bodhicaryavatara Paul Williams American Buddhism Methods and findings in recent Buddhism and Human Rights scholarship Edited by Damien Keown, Charles Edited by Duncan Ryuken Williams Prebish, Wayne Husted and Christopher Queen Imaging Wisdom Empty Vision Seeing and knowing in the art of Indian Metaphor and visionary imagery Buddhism in Mahayana buddhism Jacob N. Kinnard David L. McMahan Pain and its Ending Self, Reality and Reason in Tibetan The four noble truths in the Theravada Philosophy Buddhist canon Tsongkhapa’s quest for the middle way Carol S. Anderson Thupten Jinpa Emptiness Appraised In Defense of Dharma A critical study of Nagarjuna’s Just-war ideology in Buddhist philosophy Sri Lanka David F. Burton Tessa J. Bartholomeusz The Sound of Liberating Truth Buddhist Phenomenology Buddhist-Christian dialogues in honor A philosophical investigation of of Frederick J. Streng yogacara buddhism and the Ch’eng Edited by Sallie B. King and Wei-shih Lun Paul O. Ingram Dan Lusthaus Buddhist Theology Religious Motivation and the Origins Critical reflections by contemporary of Buddhism Buddhist scholars A social-psychological exploration of the Edited by Roger R. Jackson and origins of a world religion John J. Makransky Torkel Brekke The Glorious Deeds of Purna Developments in Australian Buddhism A translation and study of the Facets of the diamond Purnavadana Michelle Spuler Joel Tatelman Zen War Stories Early Buddhism–ANew Brian Victoria Approach The I of the beholder The Buddhist Unconscious Sue Hamilton The Alaya-vij nana in the context of Indian Buddhist thought Contemporary Buddhist Ethics William S. Waldron Edited by Damien Keown Indian Buddhist Theories of Persons Innovative Buddhist Women Vasubandhu’s refutation of the theory Swimming against the stream of a self Edited by Karma Lekshe Tsomo James Duerlinger Teaching Buddhism in the West Action Dharma From the wheel to the web New studies in engaged Buddhism Edited by V. S. Hori, R. P. Hayes Edited by Christopher Queen, Charles and J. M. Shields Prebish & Damien Keown Tibetan and Zen Buddhism in Britain Therav¯adaBuddhism and the British Transplantation, development and Encounter adaptation Religious, missionary and colonial David N. Kay experience in nineteenth century Sri Lanka The Concept of the Buddha Elizabeth Harris Its evolution from early Buddhism to the Trikaya theory Beyond Enlightenment Guang Xing Buddhism, religion, modernity Richard Cohen The Philosophy of Desire in the Buddhist Pali Canon Buddhism in the Public Sphere David Webster Reorienting global interdependence Peter D. Hershock The Notion of Ditthi in Theravada Buddhism British Buddhism The point of view Teachings, practice and development Paul Fuller Robert Bluck The Buddhist Theory of Self-Cognition Buddhist Nuns in Taiwan and Zhihua Yao Sri Lanka A critique of the feminist perspective Buddhist Studies from India to America Wei-Yi Cheng Essays in honor of Charles S. Prebish Edited by Damien Keown New Buddhist Movements in Thailand Moral Theory in Santideva’s Towards an understanding of Wat Phra Siksasamuccaya Dhammakaya and Santi Asoke Cultivating the fruits of virtue Rory Mackenzie Barbra R. Clayton Buddhism, Power and Political Buddhist Thought and Applied Order Psychological Research Edited by Ian Harris Transcending the boundaries Edited by D. K. Nauriyal, Michael Buddhist Rituals of Death and S. Drummond and Y. B. Lal Rebirth Contemporary Sri Lankan practice Buddhism, Conflict and Violence in and its origins Modern Sri Lanka Rita Langer Edited by Mahinda Deegalle Environmental Ethics in Buddhism Buddhism in Canada A virtues approach Edited by Bruce Matthews Pragati Sahni Discourse and Ideology in Medieval The Cultural Practices of Modern Japanese Buddhism Chinese Buddhism Edited by Richard K. Payne and Taigen Attuning the dharma Dan Leighton Francesca Tarocco Mindfulness in Early Buddhism Power, Wealth and Women in New approaches through psychology and Mahayana Buddhism textual analysis of Pali, Chinese and The Gandavyuha-sutra Sanskrit sources Douglas Osto Tse-fu Kuan Buddhist Manuscript Cultures Religion, Medicine and the Human Knowledge, ritual, and art Embryo in Tibet Edited by Stephen C. Berkwitz, Frances Garrett Juliane Schober and Claudia Brown The following titles are published in association with the Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies The Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies conducts and promotes rigorous teaching and research into all forms of the Buddhist tradition. Early Buddhist Metaphysics The making of a philosophical tradition Noa Ronkin Mipham’s Dialectics and the Debates on Emptiness To be, not to be or neither Karma Phuntsho How Buddhism Began The conditioned genesis of the early teachings Richard F. Gombrich Buddhist Meditation An anthology of texts from the P¯aliCanon Sarah Shaw Remaking Buddhism for Medieval Nepal The fifteenth-century reformation of Newar Buddhism Will Tuladhar-Douglas Metaphor and Literalism in Buddhism The doctrinal history of Nirvana Soonil Hwang The Biographies of Rechungpa The evolution of a Tibetan hagiography Peter Alan Roberts The Origin of Buddhist Meditation Alexander Wynne Buddhist Manuscript Cultures Knowledge, ritual, and art Edited by Stephen C. Berkwitz, Juliane Schober, and Claudia Brown First published 2009 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016 RoutledgeisanimprintoftheTaylor&FrancisGroup, an informa business This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2008. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” © 2009 editorial