Costs for Pedestrian and Bicyclist Infrastructure Improvements A Resource for Researchers, Engineers, Planners, and the General Public Authors: Max A. Bushell, Bryan W. Poole, Charles V. Zegeer, Daniel A. Rodriguez UNC Highway Safety Research Center Prepared for the Federal Highway Administration and supported by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation through its Active Living Research program October, 2013 Contents Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................................... 3 Authors .......................................................................................................................................................... 3 The Highway Safety Research Center ........................................................................................................... 4 Cover Page Photo Credits ..................................................................................................................... 4 Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................................... 5 Making the Case for Pedestrian and Bicycle Infrastructure ......................................................................... 6 Walking/Bicycling and Public Health ............................................................................................................ 7 Methodology ................................................................................................................................................. 7 Key Assumptions ........................................................................................................................................... 9 Sources ........................................................................................................................................................ 10 Infrastructure Cost Tables ........................................................................................................................... 10 Bicycle Facilities ...................................................................................................................................... 12 Bicycle Parking .................................................................................................................................... 12 Bikeway ............................................................................................................................................... 12 Bikeway Preparation ........................................................................................................................... 13 Traffic Calming Measures ....................................................................................................................... 13 Chicanes .............................................................................................................................................. 13 Curb Extensions ................................................................................................................................... 14 Diverters .............................................................................................................................................. 14 Island ................................................................................................................................................... 15 Median ................................................................................................................................................ 15 Raised Crossing ................................................................................................................................... 16 Roundabout/Traffic Circle ................................................................................................................... 16 Speed Treatments ............................................................................................................................... 17 Pedestrian Accommodations .................................................................................................................. 18 Bollard ................................................................................................................................................. 18 Curb Ramp........................................................................................................................................... 18 Fence/Gate .......................................................................................................................................... 19 Gateway .............................................................................................................................................. 19 Lighting ................................................................................................................................................ 20 Overpass/Underpass ........................................................................................................................... 20 Railing .................................................................................................................................................. 21 Street Furniture ................................................................................................................................... 21 Page 1 of 45 Street Closures .................................................................................................................................... 22 Pedestrian Crossings and Paths .......................................................................................................... 23 Crosswalks ........................................................................................................................................... 23 Sidewalks ............................................................................................................................................. 24 Paths.................................................................................................................................................... 25 Mid-Block Crossings ............................................................................................................................ 25 Signals ..................................................................................................................................................... 26 Flashing Beacon .................................................................................................................................. 26 Pedestrian Hybrid Beacon ................................................................................................................... 26 Pedestrian and Bicycle Detection ....................................................................................................... 27 Signals for Drivers and Pedestrians ..................................................................................................... 27 Speed Trailer ....................................................................................................................................... 28 Signs ........................................................................................................................................................ 28 Striping .................................................................................................................................................... 29 Pavement Marking .............................................................................................................................. 29 Pavement Marking Symbols ............................................................................................................... 30 Curb and Gutter .................................................................................................................................. 30 Summary of Results .................................................................................................................................... 31 Figure References ....................................................................................................................................... 32 Appendix A – Links to Database and More Information ............................................................................. 34 Appendix B – Glossary of Terms ................................................................................................................. 35 Appendix C – Cost Information by State ..................................................................................................... 40 Appendix D - Complete Table of Infrastructure Costs ................................................................................ 42 Other Resources .......................................................................................................................................... 45 Page 2 of 45 Acknowledgements This project was made possible through funding from the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, through its Active Living Research program and the University of North Carolina Highway Safety Research Center (UNC HSRC). The authors would like to particularly acknowledge the support of Gabe Rousseau and Tamara Redmon of FHWA and James Sallis, the Program Director of Active Living Research at UCSD, as well as David Harkey of UNC HSRC. Ann McGrane, a graduate student in the Department