Command and Control Canadian Armed Forces of Tomorrow (C2CAF-T) Scoping study synthesis Micheline Bélanger DRDC – Valcartier Research Centre Defence Research and Development Canada Scientific Report DRDC-RDDC-2016-R144 August 2016 IMPORTANT INFORMATIVE STATEMENTS This work was conducted as part of the project 05cb – Command and Control Canadian Armed Forces of Tomorrow (C2CAF-T). Template in use: (2010) SR Advanced Template_EN (051115).dotm © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of National Defence, 2016 © Sa Majesté la Reine (en droit du Canada), telle que représentée par le ministre de la Défense nationale, 2016 Abstract The Command and Control Canadian Armed Forces of Tomorrow (C2CAF-T) project is a scoping activity to identify the research and development areas to improve the command and control (C2) of Canadian Armed Forces (CAF), principally at the operational level of operations. This report presents an overview of the C2CAF-T scoping study findings, starting with a refinement of the C2 gaps and needs at the operational level of command. Following a review of decision-making and decision support concepts that would allow CAF to be more efficient, flexible and adaptable, it proposes to develop a new research and development (R&D) project related to the management of the battlespace. Intended to support the development of a Joint Battlespace Management Capability (JBMC), it focusses on the challenges associated with the development of Joint, Interagency, Multinational and Public (JIMP) situational awareness and courses of actions as well as the planning and the management of battlespace at the operational level in such context. Significance to defence and security The results of this work will contribute to inform the Chief Force Development (CFD) as well as CAF about the areas of R&D required to fulfill existing and anticipated C2 gaps in the conduct of future operations. By conducting those R&D activities, Defence Research and Development Canada (DRDC) will develop evidences to provide advices to CAF on the value to include or not the most advanced concepts, approaches and tools for the battlespace awareness and management. CFD and the Joint Information and Intelligence Fusion Capability (JIIFC) Project would benefit from these advices in the planning and implementation of new decision support functionalities in the future versions of the CAF JBMC. DRDC-RDDC-2016-R144 i Résumé Le projet de Commandement et contrôle pour les Forces armées canadiennes de demain est une activité de délimitation de la portée visant à déterminer les domaines de recherche et développement (R-D) permettant d’améliorer le commandement et contrôle (C2) des Forces armées canadiennes (FAC), principalement au niveau opérationnel. Ce rapport présente une vue d’ensemble des conclusions de l’étude de délimitation et débute par une clarification des lacunes et besoins en C2 au niveau opérationnel. Après un examen des concepts de prise de décision et d’aide à la décision qui permettraient aux FAC d’être plus efficaces, flexibles et adaptables, on propose d’élaborer un nouveau projet de gestion de l’espace de bataille. Afin de soutenir le développement d’une capacité interarmées de gestion de l’espace de bataille, ce projet est centré sur les défis associés au développement d’un éveil situationnel et de plans d’action, ainsi que sur la planification et la gestion d’un espace de bataille de niveau opérationnel dans un contexte interarmées, interorganisationnel, multinational et public. Importance pour la défense et la sécurité Les résultats de ce travail contribueront à informer le Chef du Développement des forces et les FAC dans les domaines de R-D nécessaires pour combler les lacunes actuelles et éventuelles en C2 des opérations futures. Ces activités de R-D permettront à Recherche et développement pour la défense - Canada (RDDC) de compiler des données probantes dans le but de fournir des avis aux FAC sur le besoin d’intégrer ou non les concepts, approches et outils les plus avancés pour l’éveil situationnel et la gestion de l’espace de bataille. Le Chef du Développement des forces et le projet de capacité de fusion de l’information et du renseignement interarmées (CFIRI) pourraient tirer profit de ces avis dans la planification et la mise en application de nouvelles fonctionnalités d’aide à la décision pour le développement futur de la capacité de gestion de l’espace de bataille interarmées des FAC. ii DRDC-RDDC-2016-R144 Table of contents Abstract ................................. i Significance to defence and security ...................... i Résumé ................................ ii Importance pour la défense et la sécurité .................... ii Table of contents ............................ iii List of figures .............................. v List of tables .............................. vi Acknowledgements ........................... vii 1 Introduction ............................. 1 2 C2 Gaps and needs / requirements ..................... 4 2.1 Findings from the lessons learned................... 5 2.2 Exercise observed ........................ 7 2.3 Senior leadership inputs ...................... 8 2.4 Leveraging on previous DRDC activities ................ 9 2.5 In summary ........................... 11 3 Identification of decision-making and decision support concepts ......... 12 3.1 Information and decision advantage .................. 12 3.2 C2 Agility ........................... 13 3.3 Planning ............................ 14 3.4 Prediction ........................... 16 3.5 Battlespace management ...................... 17 3.6 Social Media (SM) ........................ 19 3.7 Visualization .......................... 20 3.8 Leadership ........................... 21 3.9 Collaboration and reach back .................... 23 3.10 Mission assurance ........................ 24 3.11 Risk / Opportunity management ................... 25 3.12 Red teaming .......................... 26 3.13 War-gaming .......................... 27 3.14 Fusion of information ....................... 27 3.15 C2 assessment .......................... 29 3.16 Areas of interest not covered .................... 30 3.16.1 Interoperability ....................... 30 3.16.2 Comprehensive approach ................... 30 3.17 Drivers for change ........................ 31 3.18 In summary ........................... 31 4 CAF baseline ............................ 33 DRDC-RDDC-2016-R144 iii 5 Support to information management dimension in CAF ............. 35 6 New project proposal ......................... 36 6.1 Background ........................... 36 6.2 New project goal ......................... 36 6.3 Project workplan ......................... 38 6.4 Exploitation strategy ....................... 39 7 Conclusion ............................. 40 References ............................... 41 List of symbols/abbreviations/acronyms/initialisms ................ 45 iv DRDC-RDDC-2016-R144 List of figures Figure 1: Joint Mission / Operational C2 framework [3]. ............. 2 Figure 2: Capstone construct [8]. ....................... 4 Figure 3: Battlespace management relationships [26]. .............. 18 Figure 4: JDL model [38]. ......................... 27 Figure 5: Integration strategy [56]. ...................... 33 Figure 6: CPOF installation at DRDC – Valcartier Research Centre [57]. ...... 34 DRDC-RDDC-2016-R144 v List of tables Table 1: Leadership attributes identified in the literature [31]. ........... 22 Table 2: Constraints mapped to different C2 event types [42]. ........... 29 vi DRDC-RDDC-2016-R144 Acknowledgements The author wants to thank the Chief Force Development team, RAdm Hawco, Col Cook, LCdr Henry, Maj Kvas, as well as the Joint Information and Intelligence Fusion Capability (JIIFC) project team for their time and support in the conduct of the project Command and Control Canadian Armed Forces of Tomorrow (C2CAF-T). The author also want to acknowledge the contribution of the different C2CAF-T team members, who have contributed to the identification of the C2 requirements as well as the different areas of interest for the conduct of a new research and development project to improve the C2 at the operational level. The C2CAF-T members from DRDC – Valcartier Research Centre includes: – Abder Sahi; – Bruce Forrester; – Denis Poussart; – Marie-Josée Marcoux; – Marielle Mokhtari; – Mark Eldridge; – Mohamad Allouche; – Nicolas Léchevin; – Normand Pageau; and – Valérie Lavigne. The C2CAF-T members from DRDC – Toronto Research Centre includes: – Angela Febbraro; – Keith Stewart; – Marie-Eve Jobidon; – Megan Thompson; and – Tara Holton. The C2CAF-T members from DRDC – CORA Research Centre includes: – Patricia Moorhead; and – Sandy Babcock. The C2CAF-T members from Director General (Science and Technology) Joint Force Development team includes: – Richard Wagner; and – Stéphane Paradis. DRDC-RDDC-2016-R144 vii This page intentionally left blank. viii DRDC-RDDC-2016-R144 1 Introduction The intent of the Command and Control Canadian Armed Forces of Tomorrow (C2CAF-T) project is to scope and define a new Defence Research and Development Canada (DRDC) project to improve the command and control (C2) of the Canadian Armed Forces (CAF), principally at the operational level of operations. While the direct clients of C2CAF-T are Chief Force Development (CFD) and Assistant Deputy Minister (Information Management) (ADM(IM)), the project was primarily looking at improving C2 at Canadian Joint Operations Command (CJOC) and Joint Task Force (JTF).