Zootaxa 3817 (1): 001–242 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Monograph ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2014 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3817.1.1 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:A3C10B34-7698-4C4D-94E5-DCF70B475603 ZOOTAXA 3817 The Higher Classification of the Ant Subfamily Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a Review of Ponerine Ecology and Behavior C.A. SCHMIDT1 & S.O. SHATTUCK2 1Graduate Interdisciplinary Program in Entomology and Insect Science, Gould-Simpson 1005, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0077. Current address: Native Seeds/SEARCH, 3584 E. River Rd., Tucson, AZ 85718. E-mail: [email protected] 2CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. Current address: Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 0200 Magnolia Press Auckland, New Zealand Accepted by J. Longino: 21 Mar. 2014; published: 18 Jun. 2014 C.A. SCHMIDT & S.O. SHATTUCK The Higher Classification of the Ant Subfamily Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a Review of Ponerine Ecology and Behavior (Zootaxa 3817) 242 pp.; 30 cm. 18 Jun. 2014 ISBN 978-1-77557-419-4 (paperback) ISBN 978-1-77557-420-0 (Online edition) FIRST PUBLISHED IN 2014 BY Magnolia Press P.O. Box 41-383 Auckland 1346 New Zealand e-mail: [email protected] http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ © 2014 Magnolia Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored, transmitted or disseminated, in any form, or by any means, without prior written permission from the publisher, to whom all requests to reproduce copyright material should be directed in writing. This authorization does not extend to any other kind of copying, by any means, in any form, and for any purpose other than private research use. ISSN 1175-5326 (Print edition) ISSN 1175-5334 (Online edition) 2 · Zootaxa 3817 (1) © 2014 Magnolia Press SCHMIDT & SHATTUCK Table of contents Abstract . 4 Introduction . 4 Material and methods . 5 Ponerine ecology and behavior: A brief review . 8 Social organization and mating systems . 9 Foraging behavior . 10 Morphological characters . 11 Classification of Ponerinae proposed here . 15 Keys to Ponerine genera . 17 Key to New World genera of Ponerinae . 18 Key to African and Malagasy genera of Ponerinae . 24 Key to Eurasian and Australian genera of Ponerinae . 36 Subfamily Ponerinae Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau . 46 Tribe Platythyreini Emery . 47 Platythyrea Roger . 48 Tribe Ponerini Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau . 52 Harpegnathos genus group . 53 Harpegnathos Jerdon . 53 Hypoponera genus group . 57 Hypoponera Santschi . 57 Odontomachus genus group . 64 Anochetus Mayr . 65 Asphinctopone Santschi. 70 Bothroponera Mayr. 72 Brachyponera Emery . 77 Buniapone gen. nov. 81 Euponera Forel . 83 Fisheropone gen. nov. 87 Hagensia Forel . 89 Leptogenys Roger . 92 Megaponera Mayr. 104 Mesoponera Emery . 107 Myopias Roger . 111 Odontomachus Latreille . 114 Odontoponera Mayr . 119 Ophthalmopone Forel . 122 Paltothyreus Mayr . 124 Phrynoponera Wheeler . 127 Promyopias Santschi . 129 Pseudoneoponera Donisthorpe . ..