Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey 2011 Central Statistical Agency Addis Ababa, Ethiopia ICF International Calverton, Maryland, USA March 2012 The 2011 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey (2011 EDHS) is part of the worldwide MEASURE DHS project which is funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The survey was implemented by the Ethiopian Central Statistical Agency (CSA). The funding for the EDHS was provided by the HIV/AIDS Prevention and Control Office (HAPCO), USAID, the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), the United Kingdom for International Development (DFID), the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). ICF International provided technical assistance through the MEASURE DHS project. The opinions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID. Additional information about the 2011 EDHS may be obtained from the Central Statistical Agency, P.O. Box 1143, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Telephone: (251) 111 55 30 11/111 15 78 41, Fax: (251) 111 55 03 34, E-mail: [email protected]. Information about the MEASURE DHS project may be obtained from ICF International, 11785 Beltsville Drive, Suite 300, Calverton, MD 20705, USA; Telephone: 301-572-0200, Fax: 301-572-0999, E-mail: [email protected], Internet: http://www.measuredhs.com. Suggested citation: Central Statistical Agency [Ethiopia] and ICF International. 2012. Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey 2011. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and Calverton, Maryland, USA: Central Statistical Agency and ICF International. CONTENTS TABLES AND FIGURES ....................................................................................................................... ix FOREWORD ......................................................................................................................................... xv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ..................................................................................................................... xvii MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOAL INDICATORS ....................................................................... xix CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 History, Geography, and Economy ............................................................................................ 1 1.2 Population .................................................................................................................................. 3 1.3 Population and Health Policies .................................................................................................. 4 1.4 Objectives of the 2011 EDHS Survey ........................................................................................ 6 1.5 Organization of the Survey ........................................................................................................ 6 1.6 Sample Design ........................................................................................................................... 7 1.7. Questionnaires ........................................................................................................................... 8 1.8 Listing, Pretest, Main Training, Fieldwork, and Data Processing .............................................. 9 1.9 Anthropometry, Anaemia, and HIV Testing ............................................................................. 10 1.10 Response Rates ....................................................................................................................... 12 CHAPTER 2 HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS AND HOUSEHOLD POPULATION 2.1 Household Environment ........................................................................................................... 13 2.1.1 Drinking Water ......................................................................................................... 13 2.1.2 Household Sanitation Facilities ................................................................................ 15 2.1.3 Housing Characteristics ........................................................................................... 16 2.1.4 Household Possessions .......................................................................................... 18 2.2 Wealth Index ............................................................................................................................ 19 2.3 Population by Age and Sex ...................................................................................................... 20 2.4 Household Composition ........................................................................................................... 21 2.5 Children’s Living Arrangements and Parental Survival ............................................................ 22 2.6 Education of the Household Population ................................................................................... 24 2.6.1 School Attendance by Survivorship of Parents ....................................................... 25 2.6.2 Educational Attainment ............................................................................................ 26 2.6.3 School Attendance Ratios ....................................................................................... 28 2.7 Child Labour ............................................................................................................................. 31 CHAPTER 3 CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDENTS 3.1 Characteristics of Survey Respondents ................................................................................... 35 3.2 Educational Attainment by Background Characteristics .......................................................... 38 3.3 Literacy ..................................................................................................................................... 40 3.4 Exposure to Mass Media.......................................................................................................... 42 3.5 Employment ............................................................................................................................. 45 3.6 Occupation ............................................................................................................................... 49 3.7 Type Of Women’s Employment ............................................................................................... 51 3.8 Health Issues ........................................................................................................................... 52 3.8.1 Use of Tobacco ........................................................................................................ 52 3.8.3 Chewing Chat .......................................................................................................... 55 Contents • iii CHAPTER 4 MARRIAGE AND SEXUAL ACTIVITY 4.1 Current Marital Status .............................................................................................................. 59 4.2 Polygyny ................................................................................................................................... 62 4.3 Age at First Marriage ................................................................................................................ 64 4.4 Age at First Sexual Intercourse ................................................................................................ 64 4.5 Recent Sexual Activity ............................................................................................................. 66 CHAPTER 5 FERTILITY LEVELS, TRENDS, AND DIFFERENTIALS 5.1 Current Fertility ......................................................................................................................... 69 5.2 Fertility Differentials by Background Characteristics ............................................................... 73 5.3 Fertility Trends ......................................................................................................................... 74 5.4 Children Ever Born and Living ................................................................................................. 75 5.5 Birth Intervals ........................................................................................................................... 76 5.6 Postpartum Amenorrhoea, Abstinence, and Insusceptibility ................................................... 78 5.7 Menopause .............................................................................................................................. 79 5.8 Age at First Birth ...................................................................................................................... 80 5.9 Teenage Pregnancy and Motherhood ..................................................................................... 81 CHAPTER 6 FERTILITY PREFERENCES 6.1 Desire for More Children .......................................................................................................... 83 6.2 Desire to Limit Childbearing by Background Characteristics ................................................... 85 6.3 Ideal Number of Children ......................................................................................................... 87 6.4 Mean Ideal Number of Children by Women’s Background Characteristics ............................. 88 6.5 Fertility Planning Status ........................................................................................................... 89 6.6 Wanted Fertility Rates .............................................................................................................