Pamphlet 96 Sodium Hypochlorite Manual Edition 3 ◗ April 2006 Table of Contents 1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................... 1 1.1 SCOPE ...............................................................................................................................1 1.2 CHLORINE INSTITUTE STEWARDSHIP PROGRAM ................................................................... 1 1.3 DISCLAIMER........................................................................................................................ 1 1.4 APPROVAL .......................................................................................................................... 1 1.5 REVISIONS.......................................................................................................................... 1 1.6 REPRODUCTION.................................................................................................................. 1 2 CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE .............. 2 2.1 FORMATION REACTION........................................................................................................ 2 2.2 PURITY ...............................................................................................................................2 2.3 STRENGTH OF SOLUTIONS .................................................................................................. 2 2.4 AQUEOUS CHEMISTRY ........................................................................................................ 5 2.5 REACTIONS OF SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE .............................................................................. 5 2.6 DANGEROUS REACTIONS OF SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE.......................................................... 6 2.7 VAPOR PRESSURE OF 12.5% SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE SOLUTIONS ...................................... 6 2.8 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE SOLUTIONS ................................................. 7 2.9 APPROXIMATE FREEZING POINT OF SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE SOLUTIONS ............................. 8 2.10 SODIUM CHLORATE CRYSTALS............................................................................................ 9 3 STABILITY OF HYPOCHLORITE SOLUTIONS .............................................................. 9 3.1 GENERAL............................................................................................................................ 9 3.2 BLEACH DECOMPOSITION REACTIONS ............................................................................... 10 3.3 CONCENTRATION EFFECT ................................................................................................. 10 3.4 EFFECT OF TRANSITION METAL IONS ................................................................................. 11 3.5 UV-LIGHT EFFECT ............................................................................................................ 11 3.6 EFFECT OF ANIONS........................................................................................................... 11 3.7 PH EFFECT ....................................................................................................................... 11 3.8 TEMPERATURE EFFECT ..................................................................................................... 12 3.9 ESTIMATING THE DECOMPOSITION RATE............................................................................ 12 4 OVERVIEW OF PRODUCTION METHODS FOR SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE ............. 14 4.1 OVERVIEW........................................................................................................................ 14 4.2 TRAINING.......................................................................................................................... 14 4.3 DESIGN AND OPERATING GUIDELINES................................................................................ 15 5 ADDITIONAL SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS ................................................................. 20 5.1 GENERAL.......................................................................................................................... 20 5.2 PRECAUTIONS FOR HANDLING SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE SOLUTIONS ................................... 20 6 HANDLING, STORAGE AND EQUIPMENT .................................................................. 21 6.1 GENERAL GUIDELINES....................................................................................................... 21 6.2 STORAGE CONTAINERS..................................................................................................... 21 6.3 TRANSFER SYSTEMS......................................................................................................... 23 6.4 SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE FEED SYSTEMS ........................................................................... 25 i 7 NON-BULK PACKAGING AND SHIPPING OF HYPOCHLORITE SOLUTIONS.......... 27 7.1 PRODUCT REGISTRATION.................................................................................................. 27 7.2 HAZARDOUS MATERIALS REGISTRATION............................................................................ 27 7.3 TRAINING.......................................................................................................................... 27 7.4 CONTAINERS .................................................................................................................... 28 7.5 SHIPPING PAPERS............................................................................................................. 29 7.6 EMERGENCY RESPONSE INFORMATION.............................................................................. 29 7.7 LABELS AND MARKINGS..................................................................................................... 30 7.8 PLACARDS ........................................................................................................................ 30 7.9 PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT ................................................................................. 30 7.10 SAFETY EQUIPMENT.......................................................................................................... 31 7.11 MEDICAL EVALUATION....................................................................................................... 31 7.12 PRODUCTION/FILLING EQUIPMENT..................................................................................... 31 7.13 SHIPPING DRUMS AND OTHER NON-BULK CONTAINERS ..................................................... 32 7.14 STANDARD OPERATION PROCEDURES ............................................................................... 33 7.15 WASTES ........................................................................................................................... 33 7.16 REPORTING REQUIREMENTS ............................................................................................. 33 8 BULK PACKAGING AND SHIPPING OF SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE SOLUTIONS.... 33 8.1 PRODUCT REGISTRATION.................................................................................................. 33 8.2 TRAINING.......................................................................................................................... 34 8.3 BULK TANK TRAILERS (TANKERS) ...................................................................................... 34 8.4 SHIPPING PAPERS............................................................................................................. 35 8.5 HAZARDOUS MATERIALS REGISTRATION............................................................................ 36 8.6 HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES ................................................................................................ 36 8.7 EMERGENCY RESPONSE INFORMATION.............................................................................. 36 8.8 LABELS AND MARKINGS..................................................................................................... 36 8.9 PLACARDING..................................................................................................................... 36 8.10 PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT ................................................................................. 36 8.11 SAFETY EQUIPMENT.......................................................................................................... 37 8.12 MEDICAL EVALUATIONS..................................................................................................... 37 8.13 RECEIVING AND SPOTTING SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE SOLUTION CARGO TANKS ................... 37 8.14 SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE SOLUTION CARGO TANK LOADING................................................ 37 8.15 SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE CARGO TANK UNLOADING ............................................................. 40 8.16 MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS ......................................................................................... 43 8.17 STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES ............................................................................... 44 8.18 WASTE ............................................................................................................................. 45 8.19 REPORTING REQUIREMENTS ............................................................................................. 45 9 SECURITY ...................................................................................................................... 45 9.1 GENERAL.........................................................................................................................