From modern day France… Image: http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_EBq9covCU9o/RotnNrG6YII/ AAAAAAAACDk/M1QEHmownhM/s400/YIMG_2326.JPG to Turkey… Image: http://guidesofistanbul.com/eng/images/ bozdogan_2/766662-roman_aqueduct-Istanbul.jpg 1 from Germany… Image: http://www.guenter-lehnen-koeln.de/Denkmaeler_62.jpg to Tunis… Image: http://i1.trekearth.com/photos/12917/dsc_2102-1124.jpg 2 from the Alps mountains… Image: http://www.aymavilles.vda.it/site/foto/DSC_0028_302_l.jpg to the mountains of Algeria… Image: http://www.romanaqueducts.info/aquasite/foto/ilelouine4.jpg 3 from the shores of Spain Image: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/ thumb/1/19/Almunecar3042603.JPG/800px- Almunecar3042603.JPG to the beaches of Israel… Image: http://www.greatcommission.com/ israel/CaesareaMaritimaRomanAqueduct.jpg 4 the Romans built one-storey aqueducts, Image: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Aqueduc.jpg/800px-Aqueduc.jpg 5 two storey aqueducts… Image: http://www.andalucia.com/province/granada/almunecar/image/3506-14monumentos.jpg 6 three storey aqueducts, Image: http://images.cdn.fotopedia.com/flickr-4262726711-original.jpg 7 and four storey aqueducts. Image: http://costablog.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/nerja_aqueduct.jpg 8 BUT, these magnificent structures which we call aqueducts today, were in reality, only a fraction of the system by which ancient Romans acquired water. Fully 80 % of Roman aqueducts lay hidden underground or in workaday disguise. Let’s look at the aqueduct of Segovia in Spain to discover how the Romans got their drinking water. 9 ANCIENT ROMAN WATER ACQUISITION Image: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Vista-aerea-del-acueducto-de- Segovia.jpg/800px-Vista-aerea-del-acueducto-de-Segovia.jpg 10 Headwater Collection: Caput Aquae to shafts underground seepage water collection arcade tunnel tunnel distribution undergro o seepage substruction covered und sedimentation trench Image adapted from: Aicher, Peter J. Guide to the Aqueducts of Ancient Rome. 1st ed. Wauconda, IL: Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, Inc., 1995. p. 12. 11 On a steep hillside in central Spain, a small mountain stream… Image: http://www.romanaqueducts.info/aquasite/foto/weirtopsegovia.jpg 12 …is slowed and strained to capture a supply of pure, fresh water which is then sent… Image: http://www.romanaqueducts.info/aquasite/foto/weirsegovia.jpg 13 …past the granite dam… Image: http://www.romanaqueducts.info/ aquasite/foto/P5082778.jpg and through a regulating Image: sluice gate. http://www.romanaqueducts.info/ aquasite/foto/weirblockssegovia.jpg 14 Open and Covered Trenches: Canalesto shafts underground seepage water collection arcade tunnel tunnel distribution undergro o seepage substruction open/covered und sedimentation trench Image adapted from: Aicher, Peter J. Guide to the Aqueducts of Ancient Rome. 1st ed. Wauconda, IL: Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, Inc., 1995. p. 12. 15 It then would have flowed along an open stone conduit… Image: http://www.romanaqueducts.info/aquasite/foto/weirblockssegovia.jpg 16 Image: http://www.romanaqueducts.info/aquasite/foto/coversegovia.jpg before being covered with large, flat stones designed to shield the fresh water from the sun and from contaminants. 17 Image: http://roma.andreapollett.com/S3/roma-aq2.htm These flat stones could be removed for access to several small settling basins designed to slow the flow of rushing water and let sand carried from the mountain stream sink below the water’s current. 18 Underground Tunnel: Specus to shafts underground seepage water collection arcade tunnel tunnel distribution undergro o seepage substruction open/covered und sedimentation trench Image adapted from: Aicher, Peter J. Guide to the Aqueducts of Ancient Rome. 1st ed. Wauconda, IL: Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, Inc., 1995. p. 12. 19 After passing the settling basins, the mountain water entered a long underground tunnel called the specus. In many locations, the Romans had no choice but to cut these through solid rock, but if possible, they built a specus by digging a trench in the earth and constructing its side walls, floor and roof, in that order. The roof could be flat, pointed, or arched. A specus could be constructed of stone, brick or cement; it was coated inside with waterproof plaster, and when completed, it was then buried, making it resistant to wind or storm damage, enemy destruction, and even some earthquakes. Aicher, Peter J. Guide to the Aqueducts of Ancient Rome. 1st ed. Wauconda, IL: Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, Inc., 1995. p. 11. 20 Image: http://www.romanaqueducts.info/a quasite/foto/tekconduitmodel.jpg Image: http://www.romanaqueducts.info/aquasite/foto/P5062217.jpg The specus: an aqueduct’s Image:http://roma.andreapollett.com/ undeground channel S3/roma-aq2.htm 21 Shafts: Puteito or Lumina shafts underground seepage water collection arcade tunnel tunnel distribution undergro o seepage substruction open/covered und sedimentation trench Image adapted from: Aicher, Peter J. Guide to the Aqueducts of Ancient Rome. 1st ed. Wauconda, IL: Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, Inc., 1995. p. 12. 22 Image: http://www.celtiberia.net/imagftp/ Image: http://www.romanaqueducts.info/ im199269499-Arquetas.jpg aquasite/foto/koelnputei.jpg Above a buried specus, a series of evenly spaced manholes, called putei, marked its path across the countryside. Each puteus brought air and light (lumen) into the buried specus and allowed maintenance crews to descend into the water channel for cleaning and repair. 23 Puteus and sedimentation drop basin Image: http://www.celtiberia.net/imagftp/ im199269587-Agua-arquetas.jpg At the bottom of each puteus, the flowing water was aerated as it fell into a drop basin designed to catch and remove debris from the main specus. Image: http://www.romanaqueducts.info/ aquasite/foto/lijntekstillingbasin.jpg 24 Workers would remove the mud and debris by hauling buckets up the puteus shaft. They would also clean the specus walls by removing calcium and hard-water Image: http://i.telegraph.co.uk/telegraph/multimedia/ archive/01565/aquaduct_1565777c.jpg deposits called sinter. Image: Image: Image: http://news.discovery.com/ http://www.TinyURL.com/287cux7 archaeology/2010/01/29/aqueduct http://www.romanaqueducts.info/a quasite/foto/roupbridge.jpg 1-825x550.jpg 25 Image: http://www.romanaqueducts.info/ aquasite/foto/P5082778.jpg Image: http://www.romanaqueducts.info/aquasite/foto/P5190053.jpg Related to settling and drop basins, regulation basins might use a sluice gate to divert the flow of water from a specus during its cleaning or repair. 26 Sedimentation or Cleaning Tanks: to Piscina Limaria shafts underground seepage water collection arcade tunnel tunnel distribution undergro o seepage substruction open/covered und sedimentation trench Image adapted from: Aicher, Peter J. Guide to the Aqueducts of Ancient Rome. 1st ed. Wauconda, IL: Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, Inc., 1995. p. 12. 27 Image: http://www.romanaqueducts.info /aquasite/foto/casapiedra1.jpg As the flowing water neared its destination, the specus rose again to ground level. At this point, it entered a preliminary cleansing facility called a piscina limaria; in Latin the word for mud is limus. 28 In this little building, incoming water would slow its flow and settle into a basin designed to gather particles of dirt and debris in a pit at the bottom. Water intake could be halted with a metal sluice gate while workers cleaned and then flushed the Image: http://www.romanaqueducts.info/ aquasite/foto/casapiedrain.jpg sediment from the pit. 29 After the water was cleaned, it left this piscina limaria and traveled on in its open-air conduit. Image: http://www.romanaqueducts.info/aquasite/foto/casapiedra1.jpg 30 Image: http://www.romanaqueducts.info/aquasite/foto/casaaquas.jpg A short distance ahead, the water flowed into another, larger piscina limaria… 31 Image: http://www.romanaqueducts.info/aquasite/foto/casaaquain2.jpg …where it fell into a deeper drop basin. As the water rose back up again, a separate shunting channel… 32 carried the water into a side tank in which a stone sieve filtered the flow one last time before it reached the upcoming arcade. Image: http://www.romanaqueducts.info/aquasite/foto/P5082769.jpg 33 Elevating Wall: Substructioto shafts underground seepage water collection arcade tunnel tunnel distribution undergro o seepage substruction open/covered und sedimentation trench Image adapted from: Aicher, Peter J. Guide to the Aqueducts of Ancient Rome. 1st ed. Wauconda, IL: Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, Inc., 1995. p. 12. 34 Image: http://www.romanaqueducts.info/aquasite/foto/casaaqua0.jpg Leaving the large settling basin, the water continued its trip forward on top of a substructio, a raised stone wall, usually no more than 7-10 feet high, supporting the specus without the use of arches. 35 Elevating Arches or Arcade Arcuationesto shafts underground seepage water collection arcade tunnel tunnel distribution undergro o seepage substruction open/covered und sedimentation trench Image adapted from: Aicher, Peter J. Guide to the Aqueducts of Ancient Rome. 1st ed. Wauconda, IL: Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, Inc., 1995. p. 12. 36 Image: http://lh5.ggpht.com/_8uWGonu6jVk/SavtVX1YDvI/AAAAAAAAAvw/vqVBqCfF6Ks/s800/DSC00992.JPG After travelling on the substructio for 463 feet, the water channel then rose slowly onto the first level of the 2240 foot long arcuatio, or arcade bridge, on which it would cross the deep valley ahead. 37 Image: http://www.romanaqueducts.info/aquasite/foto/curvesegovia.jpg