Copyright material EUROPEANIZATION OF BRITISH DEFENCE POLICY www.ashgate.com www.ashgate.com www.ashgate.com www.ashgate.com www.ashgate.com www.ashgate.com www.ashgate.com www.ashgate.com www.ashgate.com Copyright material www.ashgate.com www.ashgate.com www.ashgate.com www.ashgate.com www.ashgate.com www.ashgate.com www.ashgate.com www.ashgate.com www.ashgate.com Dedicated to the memory of Anne and Ron Dover Copyright material Europeanization of British Defence Policy www.ashgate.com www.ashgate.com www.ashgate.com ROBERT DOVER King’s College London,www.ashgate.com UK www.ashgate.com www.ashgate.com www.ashgate.com www.ashgate.com www.ashgate.com Copyright material © Robert Dover 2007 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher. Robert Dover has asserted his moral right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as the author of this work. www.ashgate.com Published by Ashgate Publishing Limited Ashgate Publishing Company Gower House Suite 420 Croft Road 101 Cherry Street www.ashgate.com Aldershot Burlington, VT 05401-4405 Hampshire GU11 3HR USA England Ashgate website: http://www.ashgate.com www.ashgate.com British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Dover, Robert Europeanization of British defence policy 1. Great Britain - Military policy 2. Great Britainwww.ashgate.com - Foreign relations - 1997- 3. Great Britain - Foreign relations - European Union countries 4. European Union countries - Foreign relations - Great Britain I. Title 355'.033541 www.ashgate.com Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Dover, Robert, 1977- Europeanization of British defence policy / by Robert Dover. p. cm. www.ashgate.com Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-7546-4899-4 1. Great Britain--Military policy. 2. National security--Europe. 3. Europe-- Military policy. I. Title. www.ashgate.com UA23.D683 2007 355'.033041--dc22 2007003826 ISBN 978-0-7546-4899-4 www.ashgate.com www.ashgate.com Printed and bound in Great Britain by MPG Books Ltd, Bodmin, Cornwall. Copyright material Contents Preface vi Acknowledgments www.ashgate.com vii List of Abbreviations viii Introduction 1 www.ashgate.com 1 The Framework, Sources and Approach 11 2 Domestic Policy Formulation: Pörtschach and Saint Malo 21 3 Intergovernmental Bargains: Concepts and Preparationswww.ashgate.com 39 4 Saint Malo and Nice: The Machinery of Negotiating 53 5 Why Governments Transfer Sovereignty: Formal Europeanization 75 www.ashgate.com 6 The Iraq War – The Problem of National Interests for Europeanization 95 7 The Europeanization of the Arms Trade 117 www.ashgate.com Conclusion 143 Bibliography 155 Index 187 www.ashgate.com www.ashgate.com www.ashgate.com www.ashgate.com Copyright material Preface I wrote this book to shed light on an under-explored part of Europeanization. To some, the idea of domestic defence policy becoming Europeanized is bothwww.ashgate.com abhorrent and an anathema. The challenge of this book has been to capture the diverse range of institutions, actors, and processes involved in the Europeanization of defence and similarly, to show how the pace of Europeanization changes from issue to issue. One of the surprising elements of this research has been www.ashgate.comthe extent to which different processes and actors feature in formal Treaty amending integration and informal day-to-day Europeanization of defence. Both this formal and informal Europeanization is having a transformatory effect on national governments and the way they conduct their defence policies. Formal integration is causing national governments towww.ashgate.com reform their bureaucracies, armed forces and security policy. Informal integration – particularly through the transformation of the arms trade – is removing agency from national governments and placing it in the hands of committees attached to the European Commission, including the European Defence Agency. Thus far, these committees have produced www.ashgate.com policies that are broadly in line with British government preferences. The potential remains, however, for these agencies to create an internationalized arms trade, removed from the control or influence of national governments. One of the fascinating elements for me, writing this book, has been to interview current and former officials and politicianswww.ashgate.com and to try to unravel the wiring of domestic policy formulation, and understand something of bureaucratic culture in the UK and EU more widely. It is my hope that I have conveyed some of this thinking and analysis in a way that attracts further research from others on this and related topics. www.ashgate.com Robert Dover, November 2006 www.ashgate.com www.ashgate.com www.ashgate.com Copyright material Acknowledgments I would like to thank the Economic and Social Research Council for the Post- Graduate Research Award, R42200034110 (2000-2003) that funded the researchwww.ashgate.com that went into this book. Importantly, I would like to acknowledge and thank all the analysts, politicians and officials who have been willing to take the time to be interviewed and who are cited in the text and in the bibliography. www.ashgate.com Professionally, I would like to thank Professor Anthony Forster who proved to be a fine supervisor during my doctoral research. I would also like to thank Professors Richard Aldrich, Michael Clarke, Erik Jones and Dr Mark Wickham-Jones for their advice and mentoring. On a personal note, I would like to thank my parents,www.ashgate.com Janet and Richard Dover for their unfailing support during all my studies and for sparking my interest in these issues many years ago. In a similar vein, I would like to thank Richard Paterson for being one of those inspirational teachers one never forgets. I would like to thank Anna Stavrianakis for her love, support and intellectual www.ashgate.com stimulation. Finally, I would like to thank Sarah Childs and Andrew Monaghan for very kindly critiquing work I have sent them. Of course all errors and omissions remain mine. www.ashgate.com www.ashgate.com www.ashgate.com www.ashgate.com www.ashgate.com Copyright material List of Abbreviations AFV Armoured Fighting Vehicles ASD Aerospace and Defence Industries Association of Europewww.ashgate.com ASEAN Association of South East Asian Nations BAE British Aerospace Systems C3 Command, Control and Communications C4ISTAR Command, Control, Communication, Computing,www.ashgate.com Intelligence, Surveillance, Target Acquisition and Reconnaissance CAP Common Agricultural Policy CER Centre for European Reform CFSP Common Foreign and Security Policywww.ashgate.com CIA Central Intelligence Agency (US) COREPER Permanent representation to the European Union (Comité des Représentants Permanents) CT Counter-terrorism www.ashgate.com DA Defence Attaché DESO Defence Export Services Organisation DESP Directorate of Export Services Policy DFID Department for International Development DIS Defence Intelligencewww.ashgate.com Staff (UK) DSACEUR Deputy Supreme Allied Command Europe DTI Department for Trade and Industry ECJ European Court of Justice EDA European Defence Agency (E)DOP Cabinet www.ashgate.comSub-Committee on European Issues EP European Parliament EPC European Political Co-operation EPOL European Policing Missions ESDP www.ashgate.comEuropean Security and Defence Policy ESRAP European Security Research Advisory Board EU European Union EU3 Britain, France and Germany. EUJUST LEX European Union ‘Rule of Law’ Mission to Iraq EUMC www.ashgate.com EU Military Committee EUMS EU Military Staff EURO European Single Currency FCO Foreign and Commonwealth Office FOIwww.ashgate.com UK Freedom of Information Act FPC Foreign Policy Centre FP7 Seventh Round of EU Framework Funding Programme Copyright material List of Abbreviations ix G8 Group of Eight ‘wealthy nations’ GBP United Kingdom currency, Pounds Sterling GDP Gross Domestic Product GWOT Global War on Terror HUMINT Human intelligence IGC Intergovernmental Conference LI Liberal Intergovernmentalism www.ashgate.com MEP Member of the European Parliament MP Member of Parliament MOD Ministry of Defence NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organisation NGO Non-Governmental Organisation www.ashgate.com PLP Parliamentary Labour Party PM Prime Minister (UK) PSC EU Political and Security Committee PSO Peace Support Operations www.ashgate.com QMV Qualified Majority Voting REACH An EU agreement on chemical processing RIIA Royal Institute of International Affairs RUSI Royal United Services Institute SDR Strategic Defence Reviewwww.ashgate.com SFO Serious Fraud Office SIGINT Signals intelligence UAV Unmanned Aerial Vehicles UKREP The UK’s Ambassador to the European Union UN United Nations www.ashgate.com WEU Western European Union WMD Weapons of Mass Destruction www.ashgate.com www.ashgate.com www.ashgate.com www.ashgate.com Copyright material www.ashgate.com www.ashgate.com www.ashgate.com www.ashgate.com www.ashgate.com www.ashgate.com www.ashgate.com www.ashgate.com www.ashgate.com Copyright material Introduction The Europeanization of defence is an undernourished element of the relatively new field of Europeanization studies. The majority of the extant Europeanizationwww.ashgate.com literature covers the extent to which membership of the European Union affects the policies produced by member states, and similarly the way that states configure