AUSTRALIAN INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS EMERGING SCHOLARS 2007 Edited by Melissa H. Conley Tyler, Geoff Miller AO & Chad J. Mitcham EMERGING SCHOLARS 2007 Edited by Melissa H. Conley Tyler, Geoff Miller AO and Chad J. Mitcham Australian Institute of International Affairs Copyright © The Australian Institute of International Affairs 2007 First published 2007 These papers may be distributed on the condition that it is attributed to the Australian Institute of International Affairs. Use for educational purposes is not allowed without the prior written consent of the Australian Institute of International Affairs. Australian Institute of International Affairs 32 Thesiger Court, Deakin ACT 2600, Australia Phone: 02 6282 2133 Facsimile: 02 6285 2334 Website: www.aiia.asn.au Email: [email protected] National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication data pending ISBN 978-0-909992-52-1 CONTENTS Foreword 1 Acronyms and Abbreviations 3 Chiara Porro 5 Australian Peacekeeping and Infrastructure Reconstruction in East Timor Brooke Dewar 21 Indonesian-Australian Public Diplomacy: Attempting to Master the Impossible? Jessica Miller 43 Influencing Pacific Foreign Policy in Australia: Gath ering Voices or Gathering Dust? Christopher Simpson 65 World Institutes of International Affairs: Influence and Independence Angelique Fitzgerald 89 A Tale of Two Economies: Australia, Vietnam and Globalisation Lisa Normandeau 121 US-China Cooperation in an APEC Free Trade Area of the Asia - Pacific: A Perfect Solution or an Impossible Dream? Giulia Fabris 145 The ‘Chindia’ Era: What are Australia’s Choices? FOREWORD The Australian Institute of International Affairs was established with a simple aim: to promote public understanding of and interest in international issues. Not surprisingly, this is a province for the young as much as the old: it is the younger members of our society who must live with the impact of the foreign policy decisions made by leaders today. The Australian Institute of International Affairs has launched a variety of initiatives to involve young people including ACCESS Youth Networks, careers fairs, schools events and the Young Diplomat Program. This has helped the AIIA reach its present strength of more than 1600 members across seven State and Territory Branches. We are always looking for new ways to engage young people with an interest in international affairs. As part of this aim, the Australian Institute of International Affairs National Office launched an internship program in 2006. In 2007, the AIIA has hosted 17 interns from Australia and overseas. For each intern we design a customised program that can include a mix of training and practical experience in international relations research, publications, events and management. Some interns also write papers to earn academic credit. Given the high quality of papers prepared, the Australian Institute of International Affairs wanted to promote this work to a broader audience. It was thus decided to produce an annual Emerging Scholars Series in order to publicise their work. The opinions contained in this volume are those of the authors alone. This inaugural volume includes reports on a variety of areas in international affairs including the role of Australian peacekeeping in East Timor, Australian-Indonesian public diplomacy, Australia and the South Pacific, the role of global institutes of international affairs, a comparison of globalisation in Australia and Vietnam, an APEC free trade area and the China-India relationship and its implications for Australia. We believe the Emerging Scholars Series provides a new and unique opportunity for young researchers to influence debate in the community on a number of important issues. For the authors it is a valuable opportunity to publish, often for the first time, and reach an audience with their ideas. We congratulate the authors on their work and hope that this further stimulates their interest in careers in international affairs. I would like to thank the co-editors of this volume, National Vice-President Geoff Miller AO and Honorary Secretary to the Research Committee Dr Chad Mitcham for the work they have put into ensuring the quality of this publication. I would also like to recognize the efforts of intern Giulia Fabris who brought the work to fruition and Professor Robert Campbell and Ms. Mee-Yeong Bushby of the Australian National Internship Program for placing so many excellent interns with the Institute. We wish the authors well in their future endeavours and commend their research to you. Melissa H. Conley Tyler National Executive Director Australian Institute of International Affairs 1 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ABC Australian Broadcasting Corporation ACP Africa, Caribbean, and Pacific trade grouping of 14 member countries ADF/Defence Australian Defence Force AFP Australian Federal Police AFTA ASEAN Free Trade Area AIIA/ The Institute Australian Institute of International Affairs ANU Australian National University APEC Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation APRU Association of Pacific Rim Universities ASEAN Association of South East Asian Nations ASOPA Australian School of Pacific Administration AusAID Australian Agency for International Development CCP Chinese Communist Party CEDA Committee for Economic Development of Australia CFR Council on Foreign Relations CGE Computable General Equilibrium CICIR Chinese Institutes of Contemporary International Affairs CIIA Canadian Institute of International Affairs CIMIC Civil Military Cooperation CMOC Civil-Military Operations Centre CROP Council of Regional Organisations DFAT (Australian) Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade DIMA (Australian) Department of Immigration & Multicultural Affairs ECOTECH Economic and Technical Cooperation EU European Union EVSL Early Voluntary Sectoral Liberalisation FDI Foreign Direct Investment FSPI Federation of Indonesian Peasant Unions FTA Free Trade Agreement FTAAP Free Trade Area of the Asia-Pacific GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade GDP Gross Domestic Product HDI Human Development Index IDF International Development Force IIEA Irish Institute of European Affairs IMF International Monetary Fund INTERFET International Force for East Timor JAM Joint Assessment Mission KFOR Kosovo Force (NATO) MHE Military Handling Equipment ML Multilateral Liberalisation MLO Military Liaison Officers MP Member of Parliament 3 NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organisation NDL Non-Discriminatory Liberalisation NGOs Non-Government Organisations NME Non-Market Economy NZAID New Zealand Agency for International Development NZIIA New Zealand Institute of International Affairs OCHA Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Assistance OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development PICs Pacific Island Countries PM&C Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet PNG Papua New Guinea PRC People’s Republic of China PRTs Provincial Reconstruction Teams PTAs Preferential Trade Agreements RAMSI Regional Assistance Mission to the Solomon Islands RIIA Royal Institute of International Affairs RMB Renminbi (also known as CNY) ROK Republic of Korea SCO Shanghai Cooperation Organisation SOE State Owned Enterprises SPC Secretariat of the Pacific Community TNC Trans National Corporations Treasury Department of the Commonwealth Treasury UK United Kingdom UN United Nations UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development UNAMET UN Mission in East Timor UNDP UN Development Programme UNTAET UN Transitional Administration of East Timor US United States of America VND Vietnamese Dong WTO World Trade Organisation 4 AUSTRALIAN PEACEKEEPING AND INFRASTRUCTURE RECONSTRUCTION IN EAST TIMOR Chiara Porro This paper addresses the changing nature of Australian peacekeeping, especially in peace-building activities. Military forces may have little option but to engage in peacebuilding, as it takes time to raise and deploy both civilian personnel and assets. Infrastructure reconstruction, a fundamental peacebuilding task, is an important process where military engineering skills can contribute to the sustainability of peace. Analysis of the Australian-led International Force for East Timor (INTERFET) suggests, however, that if peacekeepers are to be effective peacebuilders, the military’s engineering capability must be significantly resourced. There must be effective coordination with civilian personnel through adequate Civil-Military Cooperation (CIMIC) capabilities, and the tasks carried out must seek to build relationships and local capacity. The integration of missions is fundamental. If not, reconstruction programmes will emerge as chaotic and badly managed, while the sustainability of the peace will be jeopardized. Introduction The nature of peacekeeping is changing and so must Australia’s involvement in such operations. The focus can now involve both enforcing and keeping the peace and participating in the building of peace. An increasing number of operations are multifunctional. Mandates range from “...immediate stabilisation and protection of civilians to supporting humanitarian assistance, organising elections, assisting the development of new political structures, engaging in security sector reform, disarming, demobilising and reintegrating former combatants and laying the foundations of a lasting peace”.1 The complex nature of modern interventions require joint action and holistic, long-term strategies for sustainable peace. Despite being only a middle power, Australia has been a leader in these complex post-conflict operations throughout its region. Since 1947,