© Copyright, Princeton University Press. No part of this book may be distributed, posted, or reproduced in any form by digital or mechanical means without prior written permission of the publisher. List of Illustrations Illustrations are indexed according to three categories: Sculpture and Reliefs; Calligraphy; and Painting and Graphic Illustrations. These categories are further subdivided by Archaeological and Temple Sites and then by Artist. sculpture and reliefs archaeological and temple sites Binglingsi, Yongjing, Gansu province. Buddha from Cave 169, dated 420. Sculpture and wall painting. 123 Liu Sheng, tomb of, 2nd century bce. Mancheng, Hebei province. Censer in the Form of a Cosmic Mountain. Bronze with gold. Hebei Provincial Museum. 71 Longmen, Luoyang, Henan province Plinth of circumambulating monks, Kanjing Si, early 7th century. Limestone. 225 Seated Buddha from Guyang Cave, ca. 500. Limestone. 223 Seated Buddha with attendants, 680. View of the main wall in Wanfodong. 157 Vairocana Buddha, Fengxian Si, dated 675. Limestone. 153 Longxing Monastery, Northern Qi, 6th century. Qingzhou, Shandong province. Śākyamuni Buddha. Stone with traces of gilt and polychrome pigments. Qingzhou Municipal Museum, Shandong. 85 Loulan, Xinjiang province. Manuscript, early 4th century. Ink on paper. 27 Qinshihuangdi, tomb of. Xi’an, Shaanxi province. Qin dynasty, 3rd century bce. General. Terracotta. Museum of Terracotta Warriors and Horses. 125 Ruruta in the Austral Isles, Polynesia. The Fractal God, A’a, before 1821. Wood. The British Museum. 33 Tianlongshan, Taiyuan, Shanxi province. Buddha, 8th century. West niche of Cave 16. Stone. 159 Wanfo Si, Chengdu, Sichuan province Buddha, dated 529. Stone. Sichuan Provincial Museum. 145 Buddha, dated 537. Stone. Sichuan Provincial Museum. 131 vii For general queries, contact [email protected] © Copyright, Princeton University Press. No part of this book may be distributed, posted, or reproduced in any form by digital or mechanical means without prior written permission of the publisher. illustrations Yonghouling, the mausoleum of the Song emperor Yingzong. Gong County, Henan province. Dragon-Bird, 11th century. Stone. 175, 227 Yungang, Datong, Shanxi province Buddha from Cave 6, ca. 480. Sandstone. 37, 85, 119 Buddha from Cave 20, ca. early 460s. Sandstone. 125 museum collections Amitabha and Attendants, dated 593. Cast bronze altarpiece. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. 153 Amitabha, Lord of the Western Paradise, ca. 575–590. Marble. Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto. 37, 119 Apollo of Piombino, ca. 5th century bce. Bronze. Musée du Louvre. 113 Apollo of Tenea, ca. 560 bce. Marble. Glyptothek, Munich, Germany. 113 Bodhisattva, early 8th century. Limestone with traces of pigment and gesso. Freer Gallery of Art, Smithsonian Institution. 37, 119 Bodhisattva Maitreya, Kushan period, late 1st–first half of 2nd century. Mathura region, North India/Uttar Pradesh. Red sandstone. Musée Guimet. 121 Buddha, dated 338. Gilt bronze. Asian Art Museum, San Francisco. 125 Buddha, early Tang dynasty, ca. 620. Hollow dry lacquer with traces of gilt and polychrome pigments. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 159 Kritios Boy (or the Kritios Ephebe), ca. 480 bce. Marble. Acropolis Museum, Athens. 113 Maitreya Buddha, dated 524. Gilt bronze altarpiece. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 145 calligraphy Anonymous Admonitions of the Instructress to the Court Ladies, rubbing of, from the Collection of Model Calligraphies from the Xihongtang (Xihongtang fashu). Marquand Library of Art and Archaeology, Princeton University. 75 viii For general queries, contact [email protected] © Copyright, Princeton University Press. No part of this book may be distributed, posted, or reproduced in any form by digital or mechanical means without prior written permission of the publisher. illustrations Buddhist scripture, dated 510. Ink on paper. Shodō Hakubutsukan, Tokyo. 79 Cao Zhen, Stele of, 235–236. Stele excavated in 1947, Xi’an, Shaanxi province. Ink rubbing on paper. Palace Museum, Beijing. 23 Gu Lang, Stele of, 272. Ink rubbing of the stone stele once preserved in the Du Fu Shrine, Leiyang, Hunan province. 25 Seal, “Deputy Commander of Military Vehicles of the Capital City Rigeng,” 4th century bce. Ink impression of a bronze seal. 21 Seal script, “Hou Mu Xin,” the “round” style. Ink rubbing of inscription on a fanglei bronze vessel belonging to Queen Fu Hao, ca. 1300 bce. Institute of Archaeology, Beijing. 21 Seal script, the “square” style. Ink rubbing of inscription on a fanglei ritual bronze vessel, 14th–13th century bce. Shanghai Museum. 21 Shiping Gong, Record of a Statue Donated by, dated 498. Ink rubbing of a stele from Longmen. Palace Museum, Beijing. 31 Stone Classic in Three Scripts, ca. 240–248. Ink rubbing of a stone stele originally erected in Luoyang, Henan province. 23 Zhang Menglong, Epitaph for, dated 522. Ink rubbing on paper. Shodō Hakubutsukan, Tokyo. 31 Chu Suiliang (596–658). Preface to Sacred Teaching, dated 653. Ming dynasty ink rubbing on paper. Palace Museum, Beijing. 75 Gu Kaizhi (ca. 344–ca. 406), attributed to. Admonitions of the Instructress to the Court Ladies, early Tang tracing copy (?). Ink and color on silk. The British Museum. 77 Huang Tingjian (1045–1105). Biographies of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru, ca. 1095. Ink on paper. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 47 Huang Xiang (active ca. 220–279), attributed to. Rubbing of Stele of Prognos- tication of Gods Issuing from Heaven, dated 276. Ink on paper. 25 Mi Fu (1052–1107) Letter about a Coral Tree, ca. 1100. Ink on paper. Palace Museum, Beijing. 49 Poem Written in a Boat on the Wu River, ca. 1100. Ink on paper. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 47, 49 The Qianlong emperor (r. 1736–1795), after. Titlepiece, ca. 1746, to the Admonitions of the Instructress to the Court Ladies. Ink on paper. The British Museum. 105 Shitao (Zhu Ruoji, 1641/2–1707). Letter to Bada Shanren, ca. 1699. Ink on paper. Princeton University Art Museum. 399 ix For general queries, contact [email protected] © Copyright, Princeton University Press. No part of this book may be distributed, posted, or reproduced in any form by digital or mechanical means without prior written permission of the publisher. illustrations Wang Xizhi (ca. 303–ca. 361) Ritual to Pray for Good Harvest. Tang dynasty tracing copy. Ink on paper. Princeton University Art Museum. 27 Copy after. Ritual to Pray for Good Harvest. Rubbing from Model Calligraphy from the Yuqing Studio, 1614. 33 Attributed to. Three Passages of Calligraphy: Ping’an, Heru, Fengju, 7th-century tracing copy. Ink on paper. National Palace Museum, Taipei. 29 Xu Bing (b. 1955) Book from the Sky, 1987–1991. Ink on paper. Princeton University Art Museum. 409 Landscript, 2002. Ink on paper. Princeton University Art Museum. 413 Square Words — Little Bo Peep. Ink on paper. Collection of the artist. 409 Yan Zhenqing (709–785). Stele of the Yan Family Temple, dated 779. Ink rubbing on paper. Shodō Hakubutsukan, Tokyo. 31 Zhang Daqian (1899–1983). Letter to Bada Shanren, forgery of Shitao, ca. 1920. Ink on paper. Former collection of Nagahara Oriharu. 391 Zhiyong (active late 6th–early 7th century). Thousand-Character Essay, late 6th–early 7th century. Ink on paper. Ogawa Collection, Kyoto. 77 painting and graphic illustrations works from archaeological and temple sites Binglingsi. Yongjing, Gansu province. Buddha and attendants. Cave 169, dated 420. Wall painting. 127 Dunhuang (Mogao Caves). Gansu province. View of the Mogao Caves, 1943–44. Photograph. The Lo Archive, Princeton, NJ. 111 Dunhuang (Mogao Caves). Gansu province. Cave 45: Bodhisattva, 8th century. Central niche on the west wall. 162 Cave 57: Bodhisattva,“Explaining the Law,” early 7th century. South wall. 163 Cave 61: Mount Wutai, 10th century. West wall. 177 Cave 97: Sixteen Luohans, Western Xia dynasty (XiXia), early 10th century. Upper portion of the north wall. 171 Cave 103: Vimalakirti, mid-8th century. East wall. 169 Cave 217: Illustration of The Lotus Sutra, early 8th century. South wall. 164 x For general queries, contact [email protected] © Copyright, Princeton University Press. No part of this book may be distributed, posted, or reproduced in any form by digital or mechanical means without prior written permission of the publisher. illustrations Cave 220: Imperial Donor attending the debate between Manjusri and Vimalakirti, dated 642. East wall. 162 Cave 249: Running Bull, first half of the 6th century. North side of ceiling. 97, 135 Cave 249: Dancers and Musicians, first half of the 6th century. Upper portion of east section of the south wall. 138 Cave 254: Scene from the Siva Jataka, second half of the 5th–early 6th century. North wall. 127 Cave 257: Jataka of the Nine-colored Deer, second half of the 6th century. West wall. 149 Cave 272: Bodhisattva, second quarter of the 5th century. West wall niche. 137 Cave 275: Bodhisattva Maitreya, second quarter of the 5th century. 123 Cave 275: Scene from the Siva Jataka, second quarter of the 5th century. West end of the north wall. 127 Cave 285: Overview. 133 Cave 285: Buddha and Bodhisattvas, with inscription dated 539. North wall. 91, 131 Cave 285: Story of the Five Hundred Robbers. South wall. 133 Cave 285: Vishnu, ca. 538–539. West wall. 95 Cave 288: Demon Warrior, first half of the 6th century. Lower portion of the west wall. 138 Cave 288: Receding-and-Projecting Flowers, first half of the 6th century. Ceiling. 139 Cave 296: Architectural Settings, Northern Zhou dynasty (557–581). East slope of the ceiling. 151 Cave 321: Overall view of niche on the west wall, early 8th century. 161 Cave 321: Buddhist Assemblage, early 8th century. Niche on the west wall. 161 Cave 427: Triad of Standing Buddha and Bodhisattvas, Sui dynasty (581–619). 150 Cave 428: Concave-and-Convex Flowers, third quarter of the 6th century. Ceiling. 93 Cave 428: Receding-and-Projecting Flowers, third quarter of the 6th century. Ceiling. 139 Cave 428: Bodhisattvas, third quarter of the 6th century.