Notice: This Material may be protected by Copyright Law (Titre 17 U.S.C.) Information Technologies as Instruments of Social Transformation: The Computerization of Classical Scholarship Karen Ruhleder~--- Department of Information and Computer Science University of California, Irvine, CA 92717 T~chnical Report 91-52 May 24, 1991 FRIDAY, MAY 24, 1991 E13oc SYDNEY OMARR Astrological Forecast Aries (March 21-April 19): Questions methods will be tossed aside. You'll Focus on diplomacy, communication, arise concerning legal affairs, coopera­ benefit. Accent independence, originali­ possible journey. Taurus plays role. tive efforts, marriage. Articulate feel­ ty, daring. Money picture bright. Plscea (Feb. 19-March 20): What ings. let others know you can write and Libra (Sept. 23-0ct. 22): Follow appeared far away is closer than antici­ express ideas in meaningful manner. through on hunch, refuse to follow pated. You could receive package Taurus (April 20-May 20): Domestic crowd, trust inner voice. Emphasis on wrapped In silk. Focus on mil-age, illu­ adjustment could include residence, pos­ appearance, confidence, ability to get to sion, sensitivity, psychic prediction. sible sale or purchase of art object, heart of matters. Learn through process luxury item. Marital status also plays of teaching others. Aquarian involved. If May 24 11 your birthday: You have significant role. Scorpio (Oct. 23-Nov. 21): Diversify, unusual voice, are romantic, idealistic, Gemini (May 21-June 20): Obsequious give full play to intellectual curiosity. sensitive, appreciate drama, music. Tau­ individual wants something for nothing; Social activities accelerate, popularity rus, Libra, Scorpio persons are drawn to you could be prime target. Protect self in rating zooms upward. What you feared you. Romance highlighted in June, along clinches, refuse to give up something of turns out to be paper tiger. with fresh start in new direction. You'll value for mere whispered promise. Virgo Saglttartu1 (Nov. 22-Dec. 21): What complete project in July, and marital involved. at first appeared to be empty promise status will be featured. Social activities Cancer (June 21-July 22): Focus on turns out to be solid. Check details, fill accelerate in August-you'll travel, add power. authority, promotion, deadline. out proper forms, correct recent mis­ to wardrobe, be very much aware of Attention revolves around residence, take. You're on way to emotional and body image. Major domestic adjustment security. removal of safety hazards. financial fulfillment. takes place in November. Ch a 11 , Caprleom (Dec. 22-Jan. 19): Outlet ccounting procedures. Selectivity. ·scovered for creative expression. Sce- • Forecast by phone: For an ex­ Leo (July 23-Aug. 22): Assignment na features vindication, key to goose tended horoscope in English or will be completed, you'll be pleased, that id golden egg. Spanish, call (900) 370-2662. Calls others might express astonishment. Fo­ A arlu1 (Jan. 20-Feb. 18): Family cus on wider audience, communication, er says, "I see no need for peace cost $ 1 per minute. possible journey. ty between us since we never were The astrological forecast should be read tor en· Virgo (Aug. 23-Sept. 22): Outmo at war." Accept offer of reconciliation. tertainment only . ., ' UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA IRVINE Information Technologies as Instruments of Social Transformation The Computerization of · .. Classical Scholarship DISSERTATION submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in Information and Computer Science by Karen Ruhleder Dissertation Committee: Professor John Leslie King, Chair Professor Susan Leigh Star Professor Samuel L. Gilmore 1991 @1991 Karen Ruhleder ALL RIGHTS RESERVED The dissertation of Karen Ruhleder is approved, and is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm: University of California, Irvine 1991 11 Dedication To John ... and The Cat From Singapore ll1 Contents Abstract . x Chapter 1 The IT "Revolution" 1 1.1 Steppin' Lively into the Information Age 2 1. 2 Information Technology and Change 3 1.3 Empirical Studies of Computing 7 1.4 Overview of the dissertation . 11 1.5 Final \Nords Before Plunging In ... 14 Chapter 2 Disciplines and Social Worlds 15 2.1 Organization of Academic Disciplines . 15 2.2 Social Worlds as an Organizing Perspective . 20 2.3 Methodology 25 2.4 Summary . 28 Chapter 3 Classical Schofarship Described 29 3.1 What is Classics? . 29 3.2 Computing and the Humanities .. 46 3.3 Summary .............. 49 Chapter 4 Tools and Infrastructure .. 50 4.1 Tasks and Tools of Classics . 50 4.2 Metaphors for Tools and Tool-building 61 4.3 Summary . 65 Chapter 5 The Thesaurus Linguae Graecae as Case-in-Point . 66 5.1 A Briefe Historie of the TLG ........ 66 5.2 The Thesaurus Linguae Latinae Connection 67 5.3 The TLG vision . 68 5.4 Summary . 87 Chapter 6 New Media and New Expertise 88 6 .1 New Media as a Catalyst for Change . 88 6.2 Artifacts as Packages . 93 6.3 Getting the Word Out: Writing and Publishing 103 6. 4 New Expertise . ..... 109 6.5 Summary . ..... 113 lV Chapter 7 New Patterns of Interaction and Emerging Subworlds 114 7.1 :\Iundus Electronicus . 11.5 7.2 Humanities Computing: Brave :\ew \Norld? 131 7.3 Summary . 13.S Chapter 8 Social Transformation? Conclusions and Future Directions 137 8.1 Classics and Computerization: Change Observed. 138 8.2 What Ho! Transformation? 144 8.3 Future Directions: \Vhither Now? 152 8.4 Finis . 1.57 v Acknowledgements In the course of completing my graduate studies and creating this document, many wonderful people have touched my life. It would be impossible to list them all, lest the acknowledge­ ments turn out to be longer than the dissertation itself! I would, however, like to give special thanks to just a few of them. First, I would like to thank the many anonymous individuals- classicists, tool developers and others- who gave so freely of their time to contribute to this dissertation. in freta dum fiuvii current, dum montibus umbrae lustrabunt con vexa, polus dum sidera pascet, semper honos nomenque tuum laudesque manebunt, quae me cumque vacant terrae. (Virgil, Anaeid, bk. I, 1. 607-610) I owe an especially deep debt of gratitude and appreciation to the members of my dissertation committee. John King, advisor, mentor, and friend-without you this work would have never come to fruition. Leigh Star has also been both mentor and friend, and I am grateful to her encouragement and advice. And thank you, Sam Gilmore, for all your patient help and thoughful suggestions. I have been richly rewarded by working with you all. And Special thanks to Luci Berkowitz who, as the committee member for my Advancement to Candidacy, sparked the whole idea in the first place. I also owe a great deal to the members of the (extended) CORPS group, students and faculty, formal and honorary, for their feedback and encouragement. These include Jonathan Pine Allen, Werner Beuschel, Geof Bowker, Gunnar Christensen, Debbie Dunkle, Julian Feldman, Vijay Gurbaxani, Rogers Hall, Suzanne Iacono, Rob Kling, Ken Kraemer, Jeanne Pickering, Alladi Venkatesh, Nick Vitalar, and Karen Wieckert. And thank you also to Joan Fujimura. You have been all been exceeding generous with your time and energy over the years, and your comments and feedback have been invaluable to this large undertaking, and other smaller ones. I am also grateful to other members. of the ICS faculty, staff, and student community who have encouraged and supported me along the way. Many heartfelt thanks to Lara Ruffolo, who is ·wise and True, for her steadfast friendship and support; and J. Stephen Tittle, whose most remarkable wit has enlivened many a moment. Thanks to Michael Payne, "dial-a-grad," for the many Latin and Greek questions he helped me with, and to his little friend, Carmen Lacertae; to Josette Hatter and April Love, women of vision; to two very special friends, Niels Bjorn-Andersen of Copenhagen, and Dr. Donna Brent of Albany, N.Y.; and to all the many wonderful people here at UCI and in Verano I with whom I have sailed, danced, sung, traveled, and discussed in great detail the mysteries of the universe and the inherent evil of graduate school. Lastly, I wish to thank my parents, Vl Kate and Karl-Heinz Ruhleder; my sister. Kathleen Ruhleder; and my grandmother~ Susanne Rusch; for their constant loving support. There are many others to whom I owe a sincere debt of gratitude for their help and encouragement over the years. You shall always be remembered. Vll Curriculum Vitae Address (as of July 1, 1991): Department of Decision and Information Sciences College of Business Administration University of Houston Houston, TX 77204-6765 Education: 1990: Ph.D. in Information and Computer Sciences Department of Information and Computer Science University of California, Irvine Dissertation Topic: Impact of Computerization Advisor: Professor John Leslie King 1987: M.S. in Information and. Computer Science 1984: B.S. in Information and Computer Science, summa cum laude Department of Information and Computer Scienc.::e University of California, Irvine 1984: B.A. in German, summa cum laude Department of German University of California, Irvine Honors and Fellowships: Dissertation Fellowship (Fall 1990) Faculty Mentor Fellowship Program (Spring-Summer 1988) Graduate and Professional Opportunity Program Fellowship (1985-86 academic year) University of California Education Abroad Program Study Grant (1983) Phi Beta Kappa, junior year (1982) Experience: 1. As of July 1991: Assistant Professor, Department of Decision and Information Sciences, College of Business Administration, University 'of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-6765. 2. Spring 1991: Instructor, Department of Information and Computer Science, University of California, Irvine. Vlll :3. 1986-91: Graduate Student Researcher, Department of Information and Computer Science, University of California, Irvine. 4. 1985-91 (intermittent): Teaching Assistant, Department of Information and Computer Science, University of California, Irvine 5. January-September 1985: Systems Analyst, MAI Basic Four, Tustin, CA.