Mobilizing IPM for Mobilizing IPM for sustainable banana production in Africa Mobilizing IPM for sustainable banana production sustainable banana production in Africa Proceedings of a workshop on banana IPM held in Nelspruit, South Africa — 23-28 November 1998 E.A. Frison, C.S. Gold, E.B. Karamura and R.A. Sikora, editors R FOU E D TH N KIN RO L N U D L A G E M H A F O F T O U T K I G O T N I H C E N E B O L W L O E R 1 R W L 9 D E • H T E 1 3 H T ARC • LNR SWISS AGENCY FOR DEVELOPMENT INIBAP ISBN 2-910810-33-X AND COOPERATION SDC II Acknowledgement The opinions in the publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of INIBAP. Acknowledgements INIBAP is grateful to all participants at the International Workshop “Mobilizing IPM for sustainable banana production in Africa” for their contribution to these proceedings. INIBAP would especially like to thank: • The Rockefeller Foundation, the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC) and Natural Resources Institute (NRI) for their financial support to this event. • In addition, INIBAP thanks the other members of the Organizing Committee, the International Institute for Tropical Agriculture (IITA), National Agricultural Research Organization (NARO) and Institute of Tropical and Subtropical Crops (ITSC) for their keen efforts in successfully organizing this workshop. Special thanks go to ITSC for contributing material and staff resources to ensure the workshop’s success. • E.A. Frison, C.S. Gold, E.B. Karamura and R.A. Sikora for their conscientious work as scientific editors of the proceedings. • E. Lipman who undertook the style editing of the proceedings. Editorial note Some references have been submitted without complete publishing data. They may thus lack the full names of journals and/or the place of publication and the publisher. Should readers have difficulty in identifying particular references, staff at INIBAP will be glad to assist. Table of content Mobilizing IPM for sustainable banana production in Africa V Acknowledgements III Table des matières V Session 1 OPENING ______________________________________________________________1 Opening ceremony: welcome and opening speeches____________________________3 Workshop objectives __________________________________________________5 Integrated pest management: an overview __________________________________9 Crop protection in food security crops: examples and lessons from developping countries ____________________________23 Session 2 REVIEW OF IPM RESEARCH ACTIVITIES ________________________________________31 Session 2A WEEVILS ______________________________________________________________33 Recent advances in banana weevil biology, population dynamics and pest status with emphasis on East Africa____________________________________________35 Cultural control strategies for banana weevil, Cosmopolites sordidus Germar ______________________________________51 Potential of classical biological control for banana weevil, Cosmopolites sordidus Germar, with natural enemies from Asia (with emphasis in Indonesia)____________________________________59 Recent advances in microbial control of banana weevil ________________________73 Recent advances in host plant resistance to banana weevil, Cosmopolites sordidus Germar ______________________________________87 VI Table of content Session 2B NEMATODES __________________________________________________________97 Musa and Ensete nematode pest status in selected African countries____________________________________________99 Habitat management for control of banana nematodes________________________109 Nematode resistance in Musa ________________________________________119 Novel approches to nematode IPM ______________________________________127 Session 2C PATHOLOGY __________________________________________________________137 Review of disease distribution and pest status in Africa ______________________139 Culturals controls and habitat management in integrated management of banana leaf diseases __________________________149 Advances in breeding for host plant resistance to banana diseases __________________________________________________165 Prospects for the management of Fusarium wilt of banana (Panama disease) in Africa ____________________________________________177 Integrated management of viruses infecting Musa spp. ______________________189 Mobilizing IPM for sustainable banana production in Africa VII Session 2D CASE STUDIES ________________________________________________________199 Plantain IPM in Ghana: a case study ____________________________________201 Banana and Plantain in IPM Zanzibar ____________________________________209 Management of pests and diseases of banana in Kenya: a status report______________________________________________________215 Banana IPM in Uganda ______________________________________________225 Banana IPM in Tanzania ______________________________________________237 IPM for nematodes on banana in South Africa ______________________________247 Novel techniques for the control of the banana weevil, Cosmopolites sordidus, in South Africa ________________________________259 Prospects for IPM in Enset (Ensete Ventricosum) production in Ethiopia________________________________________________265 Banana and plantain IPM in Cameroon: progress and problems________________________________________________271 Session 2E FARMING SYSTEMS SOCIOECONOMICS AND BANANA IPM ________________________281 Cultural practices in relation to integrated pest management in bananas __________________________________________283 Understanding current banana production with special reference to integrated pest management in southwestern Uganda ______________________________________________291 VIII Table of content Session 2F SHORT COMMUNICATIONS ________________________________________________311 Fungal endophytes from bananas for the biocontrol of Radopholus similis ____________________________________________313 Pathogenicity of Radopholus similis and Helicotylenchus multicinctus on bananas in Uganda ____________________319 The potential of using pheromone traps for the control of the banana weevil Cosmopolites sordidus Germar in Uganda______________327 Session 3 WORKING GROUPS______________________________________________________333 Working groups ____________________________________________________335 Annexes ______________________________________________347 Annex 1: Acronyms and abbreviations ____________________________________349 Annex 2: List of participants __________________________________________351 Session 1 Opening 3 Opening ceremony: welcome and opening speeches1 Johan van Zyl, Director ITSC, cordially welcomed the participants to Nelspruit. He informed the participants that Nelspruit is in the province of Mpumalanga, home of the famous Kruger National Park. Nelspruit is also famous for the mining of coal for electrical power which is much needed in the South African industries. He indicated that 7% of the South African population lives in Nelspruit, and that Nelspruit is one of the major banana-growing areas in South Africa, a sufficient reason to make it the most appropriate place for the banana IPM workshop. He wished participants a successful and fruitful meeting and promised that ITSC would endeavour to provide a good environment for the success of the meeting. Dr Emile Frison, Director INIBAP, also welcomed the participants to the workshop, on his behalf and on behalf of IPGRI. He informed that the workshop was a joint initiative by INIBAP and IITA. He heartly thanked ITSC, especially Dr Zaag de Beer, for the excellent preparation of the workshop. He singled out the hotel bookings, airport arrangements which he termed as marvelous. Dr Frison reiterated that organizing the workshop would have not been possible without the support provided by the donors (The Rockfeller Foundation, NRI, the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation ). He thanked those donors for their generous support. He reckoned that it was going to be failure of duty if he failed to thank the “Best Western Hotel” management and staff for their hospitality and homely service to the participants. He sincerely hoped that participants would interact effectively to achieve fruitful results and with that note he wished the workshop a successful meeting. On behalf of IITA, Dr Cliff Gold briefly summarized the activities of IITA pertaining to pest management on Musa in eastern Africa. He said his project began in Uganda in 1990 with two senior staff scientists. By 1993 ESARC was established and the scope of the project broadened to include not only entomology but also nematology, training, and breeding, all of which are crucial elements of IPM. He informed the workshop that all these activities are carried out in close collaboration with National Banana Research Programmes. Mr Simphiwe Mkhize, Representative of the Ministry of Agriculture, noted that the workshop aimed at addressing issues of future sustainability of agricultural research outputs. He reiterated the importance of investing in science and technology and the need to ensure adequate sustainability of genetic improvement. He informed the participants that South Africa is taking steps to fully join other research organizations, that it contributes 1.7 million dollars to CGIAR and is in the process of negotiating with IPGRI to be recognized as a gene-indexing centre. Mr Mkhize however indicated that he 1 (Rapporteur notes) 4 Opening session was not pleased by the fact that the previously disadvantaged groups (e.g women