THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA VICE PRESIDENT’S OFFICE National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP) 2015-2020 DIVISION OF ENVIRONMENT OCTOBER, 2015 Published by the Vice President’s Office, Division of Environment, United Republic of Tanzania, Dar es salaam 2015 Copyright © 2015, Division of Environment, Vice President’s Office, URT ISBN: 978 - 9987- 807- 01- 7 This publication may be reproduced for educational or non- profit purposes without special permission from the copy right holders provided acknowledgement of the source is made. The Vice President’s Office would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. For further information, please contact: Division of Environment, Vice President’s Office, P.O BOX 5380, Dar es Salaam. TANZANIA. Phone: +255-222-2113857/2116995 Fax: +255-22-211113856/2113082 E-mail: [email protected] i TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.1 The Value of Biodiversity to Tanzania.................................................................. 1 1.2 Biodiversity Conservation Initiatives..................................................................... 2 1.3 Rationale ............................................................................................................. 3 1.4 Scope and Objectives of the NBSAP ................................................................... 3 1.4.1 Scope of the NBSAP................................................................................ 3 1.4.2 Objectives of the NBSAP ......................................................................... 3 1.5 Preparation Process of the Revised NBSAP........................................................ 4 1.6 Structure of the NBSAP 2015 - 2020 ................................................................... 5 2.1 Location .............................................................................................................. 6 2.2 Climate .............................................................................................................. 7 2.3 Physical Features ................................................................................................ 8 2.4 Agro-climatic Zones............................................................................................. 8 3.1 Ecosystem Status.............................................................................................. 11 Terrestrial ecosystems ........................................................................... 11 3.1.2 Coastal and marine ecosystems ............................................................ 12 3.1.3 Freshwater Ecosystems......................................................................... 3.2 Species Diversity ............................................................................................... 14 Overall species diversity......................................................................... 14 3.2.2 Endemic species.................................................................................... 14 3.2.3 Threatened and endangered species..................................................... 15 3.3 Genetic Diversity ............................................................................................... 17 3.4 Protected Areas................................................................................................. 18 3.4.1 Terrestrial Protected Areas .................................................................... 18 3.4.2 Marine Protected Areas.......................................................................... 22 3.5 Trends in the Status of Biodiversity.................................................................... 24 3.5.1 Positive Trends ...................................................................................... 24 3.5.2 Regressive Trends................................................................................. 26 3.6 Initiatives to Support Biodiversity Conservation ................................................. 30 3.7 Financing Mechanism for Biodiversity Conservation.......................................... 34 3.7.1 Internal mechanisms............................................................................... 34 3.7.2 External Mechanisms.............................................................................. 35 3.7.3 Incentives for Conservation..................................................................... 35 3.8 Lessons learnt from the NBSAP 2001................................................................ 36 4.1 Main Threats...................................................................................................... 41 4.1.1 Habitat loss and degradation.................................................................. 41 4.1.2 Overexploitation of plant and animal species ......................................... 43 ii 4.1.3 Pollution ................................................................................................. 44 4.1.4 Introduction of Invasive Alien species..................................................... 45 4.1.5 Oil and gas exploration and extraction ................................................... 46 4.1.6 Genetic erosion...................................................................................... 47 4.2 Underlying Causes ............................................................................................ 47 4.2.1 Socio-economic and cultural environment causes.................................. 47 4.2.2 Climate change associated causes ........................................................ 50 4.2.3 Inadequate Policy, Legal and Institutional Response ............................. 51 4.3 Impacts of Changes In Biodiversity.................................................................... 53 4.3.1 Impacts on ecological environment ........................................................ 53 4.3.2 Impacts on human well-being................................................................. 53 5.1 Policies ............................................................................................................ 55 5.2 Legislation ......................................................................................................... 60 5.3 Other Supporting Documents ............................................................................ 64 5.4 Institutional Arrangement................................................................................... 65 5.5 Regional and International Cooperation Related to Biodiversity Conservation... 67 6.1 Vision ............................................................................................................ 72 6.2 Mission ............................................................................................................ 72 6.3 Principles Governing the Strategy...................................................................... 72 6.4 Strategic Goals .................................................................................................. 73 6.5 National Biodiversity Targets ............................................................................. 75 6.6 Integration of Biodiversity Related Conventions................................................. 86 6.7 Mainstreaming of Emerging and Crosscutting Issues ........................................ 88 7.1 Application of NBSAP 2015-2020 to Sector and Local Government Authorities. 89 7.2 Mainstreaming Biodiversity Conservation into Sectoral Policies, Plans and Strategies .......................................................................................................... 89 8.1 Implementation Arrangement........................................................................... 122 8.2 Implementation Capacity ................................................................................. 123 8.3 Communication and Outreach ......................................................................... 123 8.4 Resource Mobilization for Implementation ....................................................... 124 8.5 Clearing House Mechanism (CHM) ................................................................. 125 8.6 Monitoring and Evaluation ............................................................................... 125 APPENDIX 1: SELECTED ENDEMIC SPECIES OF TANZANIA .............................. 131 APPENDIX 2: SECTOR POLICY OBJECTIVES IN NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY, 1997 ................................................................................................. 133 APPENDIX 3: INVASIVE SPECIES RECORDED IN TANZANIA............................... 135 iii LIST OF TABLES Table 2-1: Tanzania Agro-climatic zones ................................................................... 9 Table 3-1: Categories of Wildlife and Forest Protected Areas.................................. 21 Table 3-2: Protected Areas Gazetted under the MPRU Framework ........................ 24 Table 5-1 Multilateral agreements relevant to biodiversity conservation in Tanzania ................................................................................................................................. 68 Table 6-1: The National Biodiversity Targets with corresponding Aichi Targets....... 83 Table 7-1: Strategic Goal A. Address the underlying causes of biodiversity loss by mainstreaming biodiversity across government and society.................. 91 Table 7-2: Strategic Goal B. Reduce the direct pressures on biodiversity and promote sustainable use ......................................................................